Exposure to Environmental Microorganisms and Childhood Asthma
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Children who grow up in environments that afford them a wide range of microbial exposures, such as traditional farms, are protected from childhood asthma and atopy. In previous studies, markers of microbial exposure have been inversely related to these conditions. METHODS: In two cross-sectional studies, we compared children living on farms with those in a reference group with respect to the prevalence of asthma and atopy and to the diversity of microbial exposure. In one study--PARSIFAL (Prevention of Allergy-Risk Factors for Sensitization in Children Related to Farming and Anthroposophic Lifestyle)--samples of mattress dust were screened for bacterial DNA with the use of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses to detect environmental bacteria that cannot be measured by means of culture techniques. In the other study--GABRIELA (Multidisciplinary Study to Identify the Genetic and Environmental Causes of Asthma in the European Community [GABRIEL] Advanced Study)--samples of settled dust from children's rooms were evaluated for bacterial and fungal taxa with the use of culture techniques. RESULTS: In both studies, children who lived on farms had lower prevalences of asthma and atopy and were exposed to a greater variety of environmental microorganisms than the children in the reference group. In turn, diversity of microbial exposure was inversely related to the risk of asthma (odds ratio for PARSIFAL, 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44 to 0.89; odds ratio for GABRIELA, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99). In addition, the presence of certain more circumscribed exposures was also inversely related to the risk of asthma; this included exposure to species in the fungal taxon eurotium (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.76) and to a variety of bacterial species, including Listeria monocytogenes, bacillus species, corynebacterium species, and others (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Children living on farms were exposed to a wider range of microbes than were children in the reference group, and this exposure explains a substantial fraction of the inverse relation between asthma and growing up on a farm. (Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Commission.).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The biodiversity hypothesis highlights the role of natural environments in shaping the human microbiome, enhancing immune balance, and reducing inflammation-related diseases.
“Similarly, the biodiversity hypothesis highlights the role of natural environments in shaping the human microbiome [38], enhancing immune balance, and reducing inflammation-related diseases [38,39,40].”
From The Power of Environment: A Comprehensive Review of the Exposome's Role in Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Preventive Medicine-Lessons from Blue Zones and Cilento (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results and Discussion report that children on farms encountered more diverse environmental microorganisms and that this exposure was associated with lower asthma risk. The Discussion proposes immune regulation and altered airway colonization as possible mechanisms, but it does not establish that natural environments reshape the human microbiome or reduce inflammation-related diseases generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMechanistically, farming and rural exposures are thought to exert effects on immune regulatory pathways essentially via microbial taxa, microbial metabolites and specific carrier-proteins like beta-lactoglobulin present in the stable environment and milk.
“Mechanistically, these exposures are thought to exert effects on the immune regulatory pathways essentially via microbial taxa, microbial metabolites [22, 23, 24] and specific carrier‐proteins like beta‐lactoglobulin present in the stable environment and milk [25, 26].”
From <scp>EAACI</scp> Guidelines on the Importance of Green Space in Urban Environments for Allergy and Asthma Prevention (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) proposes that diverse farm-associated microorganisms may affect immune signaling pathways, including those leading to regulatory T cells. It does not identify microbial metabolites as mediators. The beta-lactoglobulin clause has separate citations [25, 26] and is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe increased use of antibiotics and changes in dietary patterns in developed countries may lead to alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and a higher risk of bronchial asthma.
“Also, the increased use of antibiotics and changes in dietary patterns in developed countries, may lead to alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and a higher risk of bronchial asthma [80][81][82] .”
From Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis (2014) · cites this paper as [81]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time
Costello, E. K., Lauber, C. L., Hamady, M., Fierer, N., Gordon, J. I., & Knight, R. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1177486 · Cited by 3,231 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Vartiainen E, Petays T, Haahtela T, Jousilahti P, Pekkanen J. Allergic diseases, skin prick test responses, and IgE levels in North Karelia, Finland, and the Republic of Karelia, Russia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:643-8.
- von Mutius E, Radon K. Living on a farm: impact on asthma induction and clinical course. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008;28:631-47.
- Braun-Fahrländer C, Riedler J, Herz U, et al. Environmental exposure to endo- toxin and its relation to asthma in school- age children. N Engl J Med 2002;347:869- 77.
- van Strien RT, Engel R, Holst O, et al. Microbial exposure of rural school chil- dren, as assessed by levels of N-acetyl- muramic acid in mattress dust, and its as- sociation with respiratory health. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:860-7.
- Sordillo JE, Hoffman EB, Celedón JC, Litonjua AA, Milton DK, Gold DR. Multi- ple microbial exposures in the home may protect against asthma or allergy in child- hood. Clin Exp Allergy 2010;40:902-10.
- Alfvén T, Braun-Fahrländer C, Brune- kreef B, et al. Allergic diseases and atopic sensitization in children related to farm- ing and anthroposophic lifestyle -the PARSIFAL study. Allergy 2006;61:414-21.
- Schram-Bijkerk D, Doekes G, Douwes J, et al. Bacterial and fungal agents in house dust and wheeze in children: the PARSIFAL study. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:1272-8.
- Korthals M, Ege M, Lick S, von Mutius E, Bauer J. Occurrence of Listeria spp. in mattress dust of farm children in Bavaria. Environ Res 2008;107:299-304.
- Korthals M, Ege MJ, Tebbe CC, von Mutius E, Bauer J. Application of PCR- SSCP for molecular epidemiological stud- ies on the exposure of farm children to bacteria in environmental dust. J Micro- biol Methods 2008;73:49-56.
- Noss I, Wouters IM, Visser M, et al. Evaluation of a low-cost electrostatic dust fall collector for indoor air endotoxin expo- sure assessment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:5621-7.
- Normand AC, Vacheyrou M, Sudre B, Heederik DJ, Piarroux R. Assessment of dust sampling methods for the study of cultivable-microorganism exposure in sta- bles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009;75: 7617-23.
- Kaiser H. The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psy- chometrika 1958;23:187-200.
- Vogel K, Blümer N, Korthals M, et al. Animal shed Bacillus licheniformis spores possess allergy-protective as well as in- flammatory properties. J Allergy Clin Im- munol 2008;122:307-12.
- Ege MJ, Bieli C, Frei R, et al. Prenatal farm exposure is related to the expression of receptors of the innate immunity and to atopic sensitization in school-age chil- dren. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117: 817-23.
- Ege MJ, Frei R, Bieli C, et al. Not all farming environments protect against the development of asthma and wheeze in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1140-7.
- Schaub B, Liu J, Höppler S, et al. Ma- ternal farm exposure modulates neonatal immune mechanisms through regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:774-82.
- Debarry J, Garn H, Hanuszkiewicz A, et al. Acinetobacter lwoffii and Lactococ- cus lactis strains isolated from farm cow- sheds possess strong allergy-protective properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1514-21.
- Smits HH, Gloudemans AK, van Nim- wegen M, et al. Cholera toxin B suppresses allergic inflammation through induction of secretory IgA. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:331-9.
- Bisgaard H, Hermansen MN, Buch- vald F, et al. Childhood asthma after bac- terial colonization of the airway in neo- nates. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1487-95.
- Hilty M, Burke C, Pedro H, et al. Dis- ordered microbial communities in asth- matic airways. PLoS One 2010;5(1):e8578.
- Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Positive interactions with the microbiota: probiotics. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;635:57- 66.
- Pakarinen J, Hyvärinen A, Salkinoja- Salonen M, et al. Predominance of gram- positive bacteria in house dust in the low- allergy risk Russian Karelia. Environ Microbiol 2008;10:3317-25.
- Hansen G, Yeung VP, Berry G, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH. Vaccination with heat- killed Listeria as adjuvant reverses estab- lished allergen-induced airway hyper- reactivity and inflammation: role of CD8+ T cells and IL-18. J Immunol 2000;164: 223-30.
- Sahakian NM, Park JH, Cox-Ganser JM. Dampness and mold in the indoor environment: implications for asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:485-505.
- Williams LK, Ownby DR, Maliarik MJ, Johnson CC. The role of endotoxin and its receptors in allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;94:323-32.
- Moffatt MF, Gut IG, Demenais F, et al. A large-scale, consortium-based genome- wide association study of asthma. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1211-21.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385 · see citing works
The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease
Lynch, S. V., & Pedersen, O. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1600266 · Cited by 3,637 · see citing works
Analysis of composition of microbiomes: a novel method for studying microbial composition
Mandal, S., Van Treuren, W., White, R. A., Eggesbø, M., Knight, R., & Peddada, S. D. (2015) · Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.27663 · Cited by 1,942 · see citing works
Microbial Exposure During Early Life Has Persistent Effects on Natural Killer T Cell Function
Olszak, T., An, D., Zeissig, S., Vera, M. P., Richter, J., Franke, A., Glickman, J. N., Siebert, R., Baron, R. M., Kasper, D. L., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219328 · Cited by 1,661 · see citing works
After asthma: redefining airways diseases
Pavord, I. D., Beasley, R., Agusti, A., Anderson, G. P., Bel, E., Brusselle, G., Cullinan, P., Custovic, A., Ducharme, F. M., Fahy, J. V., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30879-6 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Microbiome and the Respiratory Tract
Dickson, R. P., Erb-Downward, J. R., Martinez, F. J., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2016) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105238 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
Early life antibiotic‐driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma
Russell, S. L., Gold, M. J., Hartmann, M., Willing, B. P., Thorson, L., Wlodarska, M., Gill, N., Blanchet, M., Mohn, W. W., McNagny, K. M., et al. (2012) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2012.32 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Bisgaard, H., Li, N., Bonnelykke, K., Chawes, B. L. K., Skov, T., Paludan-Müller, G., Stokholm, J., Smith, B., & Krogfelt, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.060 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Rook, G. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1313731110 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Low gut microbiota diversity in early infancy precedes asthma at school age
Abrahamsson, T. R., Jakobsson, H. E., Andersson, A. F., Björkstén, B., Engstrand, L., & Jenmalm, M. C. (2014) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.12253 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
An, D., Oh, S. F., Olszak, T., Neves, J. F., Avci, F. Y., Erturk-Hasdemir, D., Lu, X., Zeissig, S., Blumberg, R. S., & Kasper, D. L. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.042 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Maturation of the gut microbiome and risk of asthma in childhood
Stokholm, J., Blaser, M. J., Thorsen, J., Rasmussen, M. A., Waage, J., Vinding, R. K., Schoos, A.-M. M., Kunøe, A., Fink, N. R., Chawes, B. L., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02573-2 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
A wave of regulatory T cells into neonatal skin mediates tolerance to commensal microbes
Scharschmidt, T. C., Vasquez, K. S., Truong, H.-A., Gearty, S. V., Pauli, M. L., Nosbaum, A., Gratz, I. K., Otto, M., Moon, J. J., Liese, J., et al. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.016 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Farm dust and endotoxin protect against allergy through A20 induction in lung epithelial cells
Schuijs, M. J., Willart, M. A., Vergote, K., Gras, D., Deswarte, K., Ege, M. J., Madeira, F. B., Beyaert, R., van Loo, G., Bracher, F., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac6623 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis
Wise, S. K., Lin, S. Y., Toskala, E., Orlandi, R. R., Akdis, C. A., Alt, J. A., Azar, A., Baroody, F. M., Bachert, C., Canonica, G. W., et al. (2018) · International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology · doi:10.1002/alr.22073 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Aerts, R., Honnay, O., & Van Nieuwenhuyse, A. (2018) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldy021 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Commensal bacteria-derived signals regulate basophil hematopoiesis and allergic inflammation
Hill, D. A., Siracusa, M. C., Abt, M. C., Kim, B. S., Kobuley, D., Kubo, M., Kambayashi, T., LaRosa, D. F., Renner, E. D., Orange, J. S., et al. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2657 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement
Haahtela, T., Holgate, S., Pawankar, R., Akdis, C. A., Benjaponpitak, S., Caraballo, L., Demain, J., Portnoy, J., & von Hertzen, L. (2013) · World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1186/1939-4551-6-3 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The Lung Microbiome, Immunity, and the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Disease
O’Dwyer, D. N., Dickson, R. P., & Moore, B. B. (2016) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600279 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Huang, Y. J., Marsland, B. J., Bunyavanich, S., O'Mahony, L., Leung, D. Y. M., Muraro, A., & Fleisher, T. A. (2017) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.007 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The Role of the Microbiota in Inflammation, Carcinogenesis, and Cancer Therapy
Dzutsev, A., Goldszmid, R. S., Viaud, S., Zitvogel, L., & Trinchieri, G. (2015) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201444972 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Han, H., Roan, F., & Ziegler, S. F. (2017) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12546 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Evolution, human-microbe interactions, and life history plasticity
Rook, G., Bäckhed, F., Levin, B. R., McFall-Ngai, M. J., & McLean, A. R. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30566-4 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Widespread Immunological Functions of Mast Cells: Fact or Fiction?
Rodewald, H.-R., & Feyerabend, T. B. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.07.007 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
An exposome perspective: Early-life events and immune development in a changing world
Renz, H., Holt, P. G., Inouye, M., Logan, A. C., Prescott, S. L., & Sly, P. D. (2017) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.015 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The gut microbiota and its role in the development of allergic disease: A wider perspective
West, C. E., Jenmalm, M. C., & Prescott, S. L. (2015) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.12332 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The promise of the gut microbiome as part of individualized treatment strategies
Schupack, D. A., Mars, R. A. T., Voelker, D. H., Abeykoon, J. P., & Kashyap, P. C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00499-1 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Edwards, M. R., Bartlett, N. W., Hussell, T., Openshaw, P., & Johnston, S. L. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2801 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Sbihi, H., Boutin, R. C., Cutler, C., Suen, M., Finlay, B. B., & Turvey, S. E. (2019) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.13812 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Dietary Fiber-Induced Microbial Short Chain Fatty Acids Suppress ILC2-Dependent Airway Inflammation
Lewis, G., Wang, B., Shafiei Jahani, P., Hurrell, B. P., Banie, H., Aleman Muench, G. R., Maazi, H., Helou, D. G., Howard, E., Galle-Treger, L., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02051 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Early Exposure to Dogs and Farm Animals and the Risk of Childhood Asthma
Fall, T., Lundholm, C., Örtqvist, A. K., Fall, K., Fang, F., Hedhammar, Å., Kämpe, O., Ingelsson, E., & Almqvist, C. (2015) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3219 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Liddicoat, C., Sydnor, H., Cando-Dumancela, C., Dresken, R., Liu, J., Gellie, N. J. C., Mills, J. G., Young, J. M., Weyrich, L. S., Hutchinson, M. R., et al. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134684 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Juhn, Y. J. (2014) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.024 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Extreme temperatures and emergency department admissions for childhood asthma in Brisbane, Australia
Xu, Z., Huang, C., Hu, W., Turner, L. R., Su, H., & Tong, S. (2013) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101538 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Pyrosequencing analysis of the human microbiota of healthy Chinese undergraduates
Ling, Z., Liu, X., Luo, Y., Yuan, L., Nelson, K. E., Wang, Y., Xiang, C., & Li, L. (2013) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-390 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders
Rook, G. A. W., Raison, C. L., & Lowry, C. A. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_15 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Dynamics of the nasal microbiota in infancy: A prospective cohort study
Mika, M., Mack, I., Korten, I., Qi, W., Aebi, S., Frey, U., Latzin, P., & Hilty, M. (2015) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1909 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Deciphering the tête-à-tête between the microbiota and the immune system
Surana, N. K., & Kasper, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci72332 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Microbiota abnormalities in inflammatory airway diseases — Potential for therapy
Gollwitzer, E. S., & Marsland, B. J. (2014) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.08.002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Safety of probiotics and synbiotics in children under 18 years of age
van den Nieuwboer, M., Brummer, R. J., Guarner, F., Morelli, L., Cabana, M., & Claassen, E. (2015) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2014.0157 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mourani, P. M., Harris, J. K., Sontag, M. K., Robertson, C. E., & Abman, S. H. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025959 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The rural–urban enigma of allergy: What can we learn from studies around the world?
Schröder, P. C., Li, J., Wong, G. W. K., & Schaub, B. (2015) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12341 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Childhood Asthma Inception and Progression
Martinez, F. D. (2019) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2018.12.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Edwards, M. R., Saglani, S., Schwarze, J., Skevaki, C., Smith, J. A., Ainsworth, B., Almond, M., Andreakos, E., Belvisi, M. G., Chung, K. F., et al. (2017) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.02448-2016 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobiome influences on allergy in mice and humans
Marsland, B. J., & Salami, O. (2015) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.07.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The environmental microbiome, allergic disease, and asthma
Kelly, M. S., Bunyavanich, S., Phipatanakul, W., & Lai, P. S. (2022) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.06.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pets at birth do not increase allergic disease in at‐risk children
Lodge, C. J., Lowe, A. J., Gurrin, L. C., Matheson, M. C., Balloch, A., Axelrad, C., Hill, D. J., Hosking, C. S., Rodrigues, S., Svanes, C., et al. (2012) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04032.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The intersect of genetics, environment, and microbiota in asthma-perspectives and challenges
Tang, H. H. F., Teo, S. M., Sly, P. D., Holt, P. G., & Inouye, M. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.026 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Exposure to Cats: Update on Risks for Sensitization and Allergic Diseases
Dharmage, S. C., Lodge, C. L., Matheson, M. C., Campbell, B., & Lowe, A. J. (2012) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-012-0288-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
D’Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Bini, F., Mazziga, E., Mazzacane, S., & Caselli, E. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020225 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A clear urban–rural gradient of allergic rhinitis in a population-based study in Northern Europe
Christensen, S. H., Timm, S., Janson, C., Benediktsdóttir, B., Forsberg, B., Holm, M., Jogi, R., Johannessen, A., Omenaas, E., Sigsgaard, T., et al. (2016) · European Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.3402/ecrj.v3.33463 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Aliberti, S. M., & Capunzo, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17040722 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Palacios‐García, I., Mhuireach, G. A., Grasso‐Cladera, A., Cryan, J. F., & Parada, F. J. (2022) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202100249 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Haahtela, T., O'Mahony, L., Traidl‐Hoffmann, C., Akdis, M., Ceylan, O., Chaslaridis, P., Damialis, A., Del Giacco, S., Lauerma, A., Nadeau, K. C., et al. (2026) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70182 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The holobiont mind: A bridge between 4E-cognition and the microbiome
Palacios-Garcia, I., & Parada, F. J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/thuvc · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Therapeutic Potential of Farm Dust Extracts in a Mouse Model of Eosinophilic Inflammation
Korkmaz, R. Ü., Omony, J., Tan, X., Klotz, M., Dragunas, G., Chen, S., Shankhwar, S., Ertüz, Z., Müller, C., Ragab, M., et al. (2026) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHaarala, A. K., Sinikumpu, S.-P., Vaaramo, E., Jokelainen, J., Timonen, M., Auvinen, J., Pekkanen, J., & Huilaja, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137078 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ege, M. J., Mayer, M., Normand, A.-C., Genuneit, J., Cookson, W. O. C. M., Braun-Fahrländer, C., Heederik, D., Piarroux, R., & von Mutius, E.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement (FR)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2011-02-24
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 701-709
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2152259491
- Cited by
- 1,529
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 78.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0508-10212)
- European Commission (LSH-2004-1.2.5-1)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Robert Koch Institut
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Keywords
- childhood asthma, atopy, farm children, microbial exposure, microbial diversity, mattress dust, settled dust, environmental bacteria, environmental fungi, Eurotium, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, allergy prevention, hygiene hypothesis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Agriculture, Asthma, Bacteria, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fungi, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immunoglobulin E, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
