A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of B Vitamin Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, and Stress: Effects on Healthy and ‘At-Risk’ Individuals
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A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to examine and quantify the effects of B vitamin supplementation on mood in both healthy and ‘at-risk’ populations. A systematic search identified all available randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of daily supplementation with ≥3 B group vitamins with an intervention period of at least four weeks. Random effects models for a standardized mean difference were used to test for overall effect. Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic. Eighteen articles (16 trials, 2015 participants) were included, of which 12 were eligible for meta-analysis. Eleven of the 18 articles reported a positive effect for B vitamins over a placebo for overall mood or a facet of mood. Of the eight studies in ‘at-risk’ cohorts, five found a significant benefit to mood. Regarding individual facets of mood, B vitamin supplementation benefited stress (n = 958, SMD = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.45, p = 0.03). A benefit to depressive symptoms did not reach significance (n = 568, SMD = 0.15, 95% CI = −0.01, 0.32, p = 0.07), and there was no effect on anxiety (n = 562, SMD = 0.03, 95% CI = −0.13, 0.20, p = 0.71). The review provides evidence for the benefit of B vitamin supplementation in healthy and at-risk populations for stress, but not for depressive symptoms or anxiety. B vitamin supplementation may particularly benefit populations who are at risk due to (1) poor nutrient status or (2) poor mood status.
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Published systematic reviews or meta-analyses in the area most often confirmed favorable effects for micronutrient interventions.
“Published in the last few years, they most often confirmed favorable effects for micronutrient interventions.”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [219]
In that meta-analysis, benefits on depressive symptoms failed to reach statistical significance, but conclusions were stronger for stress.
“Benefits on depressive symptoms failed to reach statistical significance, but conclusions were stronger for stress.”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [219]
In adults, available data suggest an improvement of psychological and cognitive functions following multiple supplementations.
“In adults, the available data suggest an improvement of psychological and cognitive functions following multiple supplementations, based on several reviews [94,217] and on meta-analyses of intervention trials addressing mood and psychological state [218,219].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [219]
In the most recent meta-analysis, in 11 out of 18 trials a combination of B vitamins resulted in improvement of mood compared with placebo.
“the most recent meta-analysis found that in 11 out of 18 trials a combination of B vitamins resulted in improvement of mood when compared with a placebo.”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [219]
Supplementation was more efficient in populations with a poor mood status or a poor nutrient status at baseline.
“Supplementation was more efficient in populations with a poor mood status or a poor nutrient status at baseline [219].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [219]
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- Authors
- Young, L. M., Pipingas, A., White, D. J., Gauci, S., & Scholey, A.
- Affiliations
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Scholey, Andrew
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-09-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2232
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6770181
- OpenAlex
- W2972356951
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Bayer HealthCare (CHP05)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- B vitamins, vitamin B supplementation, depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, mood, vulnerable populations, nutrient status, healthy individuals
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Vitamin B Complex, Vitamin B Deficiency, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Dietary Supplements, Young Adult
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