Vitamins and Cognition: What is the Evidence?
Abstract
Vitamin supplements are consumed for their purported health benefits by a large segment of the populations of developed countries. Several indirect strands of evidence suggest that increasing levels of vitamins may improve brain function. These include evidence that individual vitamins are intrinsically involved in the cellular and physiological processes underpinning brain function; that small proportions of the population exhibit biochemical deficiencies in each individual vitamin, suggesting that a much larger proportion have less than optimal overall micronutrient status; and that epidemiological research suggests a relationship between individual vitamins (or the potentially neurotoxic amino acid homocysteine, which is related to B vitamin status), and cognitive function and mood. The related question as to whether direct supplementation with vitamins can therefore improve psychological functioning in cognitively intact individuals has been addressed in a number of studies. The evidence reviewed here suggests that, whereas studies involving supplementation with single vitamins, or restricted ranges of vitamins, have demonstrated equivocal results, evidence from studies involving the administration of broader ranges of vitamins, or multivitamins, suggest potential efficacy in terms of cognitive and psychological functioning. In contrast to the literature investigating restricted ranges of vitamins, most of the evidence regarding multivitamins was collected from healthy, non-elderly samples, suggesting that more research in this population is warranted.
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In adults, available data suggest an improvement of psychological and cognitive functions following multiple supplementations.
“In adults, the available data suggest an improvement of psychological and cognitive functions following multiple supplementations, based on several reviews [94,217] and on meta-analyses of intervention trials addressing mood and psychological state [218,219].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [217]
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- Authors
- Kennedy, D. O., & Haskell, C. F.
- Affiliations
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kennedy, David O.
- ORCID
- Kennedy, David O.
- Venue
- Drugs
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1957-1971
- ISSN
- 0012-6667 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1561530207
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drugs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- vitamins, cognitive function, multivitamin supplementation, micronutrient status, homocysteine, B vitamins, mood, brain function, vitamin deficiency
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Vitamins, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Supplements
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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