A Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial
Open accessAbstract
Ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets are popular among young, healthy, normal-weight individuals for various reasons. We aimed to investigate the effect of a ketogenic LCHF diet on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (primary outcome), LDL cholesterol subfractions and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in the blood of healthy, young, and normal-weight women. The study was a randomized, controlled, feeding trial with crossover design. Twenty-four women were assigned to a 4 week ketogenic LCHF diet (4% carbohydrates; 77% fat; 19% protein) followed by a 4 week National Food Agency recommended control diet (44% carbohydrates; 33% fat; 19% protein), or the reverse sequence due to the crossover design. Treatment periods were separated by a 15 week washout period. Seventeen women completed the study and treatment effects were evaluated using mixed models. The LCHF diet increased LDL cholesterol in every woman with a treatment effect of 1.82 mM (p < 0.001). In addition, Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB), small, dense LDL cholesterol as well as large, buoyant LDL cholesterol increased (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). The data suggest that feeding healthy, young, normal-weight women a ketogenic LCHF diet induces a deleterious blood lipid profile. The elevated LDL cholesterol should be a cause for concern in young, healthy, normal-weight women following this kind of LCHF diet.
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- Authors
- Burén, J., Ericsson, M., Damasceno, N., & Sjödin, A.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Burén, Jonas
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 814
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8001988
- OpenAlex
- W3135070816
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Dr P Håkanssons Stiftelse (X)
- Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse (2014-00411)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B-100, small dense LDL, lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors, young women, normal-weight women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk Factors, Sweden, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Young Adult, Diet, High-Fat
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