Whole Grain Consumption and Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Literature Review of Randomized Control Trials
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Whole grain foods are rich in nutrients, dietary fibre, a range of antioxidants, and phytochemicals, and may have potential to act in an anti-inflammatory manner, which could help impact chronic disease risk. This systematic literature review aimed to examine the specific effects of whole grains on selected inflammatory markers from human clinical trials in adults. As per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) protocol, the online databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched from inception through to 31 August 2021. Randomized control trials (RCTs) ≥ 4 weeks in duration, reporting ≥1 of the following: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), were included. A total of 31 RCTs were included, of which 16 studies recruited overweight/obese individuals, 12 had pre-existing conditions, two were in a healthy population, and one study included participants with prostate cancer. Of these 31 RCTs, three included studies with two intervention arms. A total of 32 individual studies measured CRP (10/32 were significant), 18 individual studies measured IL-6 (2/18 were significant), and 13 individual studies measured TNF (5/13 were significant). Most often, the overweight/obese population and those with pre-existing conditions showed significant reductions in inflammatory markers, mainly CRP (34% of studies). Overall, consumption of whole grain foods had a significant effect in reducing at least one inflammatory marker as demonstrated in 12/31 RCTs.
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Whole grains decrease inflammatory biomarkers and influence postprandial glucose metabolism, which could affect insulin sensitivity.
“whole grains decrease inflammatory biomarkers [48] and influence the postprandial glucose metabolism [49,50,51], which could affect insulin sensitivity.”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Milesi, G., Rangan, A., & Grafenauer, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Grafenauer, Sara
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-01-16
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 374
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8778110
- OpenAlex
- W4205868966
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- whole grain intake, inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNF-α, dietary fiber, obesity, overweight, chronic disease risk, anti-inflammatory activity, dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Whole Grains, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, C-Reactive Protein, Humans, Inflammation, Middle Aged, Obesity, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Bias, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Inflammation Mediators, Overweight, Young Adult
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