Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

López-Torres, Olga, Rodríguez-Longobardo, Celia, Capel-Escoriza, Raquel, Fernández-Elías, Valentín E.·2022·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu15010081
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Most intervention studies investigating the effects of ergogenic aids (EAs) on sports performance have been carried out in the male population. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects in the existing literature of EAs used by female athletes on performance. A literature research was conducted, and a descriptive analysis of the articles included in the systematic review was carried out. Meta-analyses could be performed on 32 of the included articles, evaluating performance in strength, sprint, and cardiovascular capacity. A random-effects model and the standardized mean differences (SMD) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. The results showed that caffeine helped to improve jumping performance, isometric strength values, and the number of repetitions until failure. Caffeine and sodium phosphate helped to improve sprint performance. Aerobic tests could be improved with the use of taurine, caffeine, and beta-alanine. No conclusive effects of beetroot juice, polyphenols, or creatine in improving aerobic performance were shown. In terms of anaerobic variables, both caffeine and sodium phosphate could help to improve repeated sprint ability. More studies are needed in female athletes that measure the effects of different EAs on sports performance, such as beetroot juice, beta-alanine or sodium phosphate, as the studies to date are scarce and there are many types of EA that need to be further considered in this population, such as creatine and taurine.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu15010081

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 22 references

Research works printed but not linked: 79

  1. Piccardi, 2009, Nutrition and nutritional supplementation. Impact on skin health and beauty, Derm. Endocrinol., 1, 271, 10.4161/derm.1.5.9706 · DOI
  2. Porrini, 2016, Ergogenic Aids and Supplements, Front. Horm. Res., 47, 128, 10.1159/000445176 · DOI
  3. Gepner, 2019, Benefits of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation in trained and untrained individuals, Res. Sports Med., 27, 204, 10.1080/15438627.2018.1533470 · DOI
  4. Salehi, 2021, The Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Muscle Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Females with Moderate Physical Activity: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial, Int. J. Prev. Med., 12, 94, 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_138_20 · DOI
  5. Stout, 2007, Effects of b-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women, Amino Acids, 32, 381, 10.1007/s00726-006-0474-z · DOI
  6. Lara, 2020, Acute caffeine intake increases performance in the 15-s Wingate test during the menstrual cycle, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 86, 745, 10.1111/bcp.14175 · DOI
  7. Burke, 2019, Supplements for Optimal Sports Performance, Curr. Opin. Physiol., 10, 156, 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.05.009 · DOI
  8. Glenn, 2016, The Ergogenic Effects of Supplemental Nutritional Aids on Anaerobic Performance in Female Athletes, Strength Cond. J., 38, 105, 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000207 · DOI
  9. Grgic, 2019, The Influence of Caffeine Supplementation on Resistance Exercise: A Review, Sports Med., 49, 17, 10.1007/s40279-018-0997-y · DOI · Paper page
  10. Eckerson, 2016, Creatine as an Ergogenic Aid for Female Athletes, Strength Cond. J., 38, 14, 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000208 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Sawicka, 2020, The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: A systematic review, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 17, 49, 10.1186/s12970-020-00377-2 · DOI
  12. Somerville, 2017, Polyphenols and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Sports Med., 47, 1589, 10.1007/s40279-017-0675-5 · DOI
  13. Díaz, M.S., Martín-Castellanos, A., Fernández-Elías, V.E., Torres, O.L., and Calvo, J.L. (2022). Effects of Polyphenol Consumption on Recovery in Team Sport Athletes of Both Sexes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14. · DOI
  14. Luca, 2020, Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 60, 626, 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546669 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Pechanova, O., Dayar, E., and Cebova, M. (2020). Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular System. Molecules, 25. · DOI
  16. Moreno, B., Veiga, S., Sánchez-Oliver, A.J., Domínguez, R., and Morencos, E. (2022). Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption by Competitive Swimmers According to Sex and Competitive Level. Nutrients, 14. · DOI
  17. Sánchez-Oliver, A.J., Domínguez, R., López-Tapia, P., Tobal, F.M., Jodra, P., Montoya, J.J., Guerra-Hernández, E.J., and Ramos-Álvarez, J.J. (2021). A Survey on Dietary Supplement Consumption in Amateur and Professional Rugby Players. Foods, 10. · DOI
  18. Muñoz, A., López-Samanes, Á., Domínguez, R., Moreno-Pérez, V., Sánchez-Oliver, A.J., and Del Coso, J. (2020). Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex and Competitive Level Differences. Nutrients, 12. · DOI
  19. Domínguez, R., López-Domínguez, R., López-Samanes, Á., Gené, P., González-Jurado, J.A., and Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. (2020). Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption and Body Composition in Spanish Elite Rowers. Nutrients, 12. · DOI
  20. Mata, F., Domínguez, R., López-Samanes, Á., Sánchez-Gómez, Á., Jodra, P., and Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. (2021). Analysis of the consumption of sports supplements in elite fencers according to sex and competitive level. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 13. · DOI
  21. Knapik, 2016, Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Sports Med., 46, 103, 10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Casado, A., Domínguez, R., Fernandes Da Silva, S., and Bailey, S.J. (2021). Influence of Sex and Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation on 2 KM Running Performance. Appl. Sci., 11. · DOI
  23. Scanlan, 2019, Acute caffeine supplementation promotes small to moderate improvements in performance tests indicative of in-game success in professional female basketball players, Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 44, 849, 10.1139/apnm-2018-0671 · DOI
  24. Gandhi, 2004, Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 44, 499, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121453 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Temple, 2011, Gender Differences in Subjective and Physiological Responses to Caffeine and the Role of Steroid Hormones, J. Caffeine Res., 1, 41, 10.1089/jcr.2011.0005 · DOI
  26. Branch, 2003, Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Performance: A Meta-analysis, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 13, 198, 10.1123/ijsnem.13.2.198 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Cashin, 2020, Clinimetrics: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale, J. Physiother., 66, 59, 10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08.005 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Viechtbauer, 2010, Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package, JSS J. Stat. Softw., 36, 1
  29. Cochran, 1954, The Combination of Estimates from Different Experiments, Biometrics, 10, 101, 10.2307/3001666 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Krzysztofik, 2022, Acute effects of two caffeine doses on bar velocity during the bench press exercise among women habituated to caffeine: A randomized, crossover, double-blind study involving control and placebo conditions, Eur. J. Nutr., 61, 947, 10.1007/s00394-021-02708-8 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Harty, 2020, Caffeine Timing Improves Lower-Body Muscular Performance: A Randomized Trial, Front. Nutr., 7, 585900, 10.3389/fnut.2020.585900 · DOI
  32. Ali, 2016, Caffeine ingestion enhances perceptual responses during intermittent exercise in female team-game players, J. Sports Sci., 34, 330, 10.1080/02640414.2015.1052746 · DOI
  33. Ali, 2016, The influence of caffeine ingestion on strength and power performance in female team-sport players, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 13, 46, 10.1186/s12970-016-0157-4 · DOI
  34. Jones, L., Johnstone, I., Day, C., Le Marquer, S., and Hulton, A.T. (2021). The Dose-Effects of Caffeine on Lower Body Maximal Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Strength-Trained Females. Nutrients, 13. · DOI
  35. Lara, 2014, Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance in female soccer players, Amino Acids, 46, 1385, 10.1007/s00726-014-1709-z · DOI
  36. Waller, 2020, A low caffeine dose improves maximal strength, but not relative muscular endurance in either heavier-or lighter-loads, or perceptions of effort or discomfort at task failure in females, PeerJ, 8, e9144, 10.7717/peerj.9144 · DOI
  37. Portillo, 2017, Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Skill Performance During an International Female Rugby Sevens Competition, J. Strength Cond. Res., 31, 3351, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001763 · DOI
  38. Morencos, 2020, Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Physical Performance in Elite Women Handball Players: A Randomized, Controlled Study, Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform., 15, 1406, 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0847 · DOI
  39. Norum, 2020, Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 30, 2116, 10.1111/sms.13776 · DOI
  40. Salinero, 2015, Caffeinated Energy Drinks Improve Volleyball Performance in Elite Female Players, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 47, 850, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000455 · DOI
  41. Portillo, 2013, Caffeine-containing energy drink improves sprint performance during an international rugby sevens competition, Amino Acids, 44, 1511, 10.1007/s00726-013-1473-5 · DOI
  42. Potgieter, 2018, Caffeine Improves Triathlon Performance: A Field Study in Males and Females, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 28, 228, 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0165 · DOI
  43. Glaister, 2015, Effects of Dietary Nitrate, Caffeine, and Their Combination on 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance, J. Strength Cond. Res., 29, 165, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000596 · DOI
  44. Karayigit, R., Naderi, A., Saunders, B., Forbes, S.C., Del Coso, J., Berjisian, E., Yildirim, U.C., and Suzuki, K. (2021). Combined but Not Isolated Ingestion of Caffeine and Taurine Improves Wingate Sprint Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes Habituated to Caffeine. Sports, 9. · DOI
  45. Buck, 2015, Effects of sodium phosphate and caffeine loading on repeated-sprint ability, J. Sports Sci., 33, 1971, 10.1080/02640414.2015.1025235 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Glenn, 2015, Incremental effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on high-intensity cycling performance and blood lactate in masters female cyclists, Amino Acids, 47, 2593, 10.1007/s00726-015-2050-x · DOI
  47. Rosas, 2017, Effects of Plyometric Training and Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Maximal-Intensity Exercise and Endurance in Female Soccer Players, J. Hum. Kinet., 58, 99, 10.1515/hukin-2017-0072 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Ribeiro, 2020, Short-Duration Beta-Alanine Supplementation Did Not Prevent the Detrimental Effects of an Intense Preparatory Period on Exercise Capacity in Top-Level Female Footballers, Front. Nutr., 7, 43, 10.3389/fnut.2020.00043 · DOI
  49. Kresta, 2014, Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine supplementation on muscle carnosine, body composition and exercise performance in recreationally active females, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 11, 55, 10.1186/s12970-014-0055-6 · DOI
  50. Atakan, 2019, Short term creatine loading without weight gain improves sprint, agility and leg strength performance in female futsal players, Sci. Sports, 34, 321, 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.11.003 · DOI
  51. Kalkavan, 2013, Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Motor Performance in Female Futsal Players, Online J. Recreat. Sport, 2, 14
  52. Wickham, 2019, No effect of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy and performance in recreationally active females despite increased torque production, Physiol. Rep., 7, e13982, 10.14814/phy2.13982 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Peeling, 2015, Beetroot Juice Improves On-Water 500 M Time-Trial Performance, and Laboratory-Based Paddling Economy in National and International-Level Kayak Athletes, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 25, 278, 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0110 · DOI · Paper page
  54. Jonvik, 2018, The Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Dynamic Apnea and Intermittent Sprint Performance in Elite Female Water Polo Players, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 28, 468, 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0293 · DOI
  55. Glenn, 2016, Acute citrulline-malate supplementation improves maximal strength and anaerobic power in female, masters athletes tennis players, Eur. J. Sport Sci., 16, 1095, 10.1080/17461391.2016.1158321 · DOI
  56. Waldron, 2018, The effects of taurine on repeat sprint cycling after low or high cadence exhaustive exercise in females, Amino Acids, 50, 663, 10.1007/s00726-018-2554-2 · DOI
  57. Tan, 2010, Effects of induced alkalosis on simulated match performance in elite female water polo players, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 20, 198, 10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.198 · DOI
  58. Timpmann, 2008, The Effects of Sodium Citrate Ingestion on Metabolism and 1500-m Racing Time in Trained Female Runners, J. Sports Sci. Med., 7, 125
  59. Abad, 2021, Purslane supplementation lowers oxidative stress, inflammatory and muscle damage biomarkers after high-intensity intermittent exercise in female runners, Balt. J. Health Phys. Act., 13, 17, 10.29359/BJHPA.13.1.03 · DOI
  60. Castillo, 2020, Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Movement Velocity in Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Sports Med., 50, 717, 10.1007/s40279-019-01211-9 · DOI
  61. Ouergui, I., Mahdi, N., Delleli, S., Messaoudi, H., Chtourou, H., Sahnoun, Z., Bouassida, A., Bouhlel, E., Nobari, H., and Ardigò, L.P. (2022). Acute Effects of Low Dose of Caffeine Ingestion Combined with Conditioning Activity on Psychological and Physical Performances of Male and Female Taekwondo Athletes. Nutrients, 14. · DOI
  62. Chen, 2015, Effects of Gender Difference and Caffeine Supplementation on Anaerobic Muscle Performance, Endoscopy, 36, 974
  63. Travassos, 2021, Effects of acute caffeine ingestion on futsal performance in sub-elite players, Eur. J. Nutr., 60, 4531, 10.1007/s00394-021-02617-w · DOI
  64. Grgic, 2022, Exploring the minimum ergogenic dose of caffeine on resistance exercise performance: A meta-analytic approach, Nutrition, 97, 111604, 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111604 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Venier, S., Grgic, J., and Mikulic, P. (2019). Caffeinated Gel Ingestion Enhances Jump Performance, Muscle Strength, and Power in Trained Men. Nutrients, 11. · DOI
  66. Grgic, 2022, Effects of caffeine on isometric handgrip strength: A meta-analysis, Clin. Nutr. ESPEN, 47, 89, 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.007 · DOI
  67. Davis, 2011, Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Training Performance on Repetitions to Failure, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 43, 641, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000401775.57960.e4 · DOI
  68. Duncan, 2011, The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Mood State and Bench Press Performance to Failure, J. Strength Cond. Res., 25, 178, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318201bddb · DOI
  69. Karayigit, R., Koz, M., Sánchez-Gómez, A., Naderi, A., Yildirim, U.C., Domínguez, R., and Gur, F. (2021). High Dose of Caffeine Mouth Rinse Increases Resistance Training Performance in Men. Nutrients, 13. · DOI
  70. Murphy, 2022, Dietary Supplements for Athletic Performance in Women: Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, and Nitrate, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 32, 311, 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0176 · DOI
  71. Roveratti, 2019, Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle function during recovery from resistance exercise in young adults, Amino Acids, 51, 589, 10.1007/s00726-018-02686-y · DOI
  72. Outlaw, 2016, Effects of β-Alanine on Body Composition and Performance Measures in Collegiate Women, J. Strength Cond. Res., 30, 2627, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000665 · DOI
  73. Scanlan, 2021, Caffeine Ingestion Improves Performance During Fitness Tests but Does Not Alter Activity During Simulated Games in Professional Basketball Players, Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform., 16, 387, 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0144 · DOI
  74. Stein, 2021, Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Duration, Critical Velocity, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion During Repeated-Sprint Exercise in Physically Active Men, Int. J. Exerc. Sci., 14, 435
  75. Schneiker, 2006, Effects of Caffeine on Prolonged Intermittent-Sprint Ability in Team-Sport Athletes, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 38, 578, 10.1249/01.mss.0000188449.18968.62 · DOI
  76. Peyrebrune, 2011, The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming, J. Sports Sci., 16, 271, 10.1080/026404198366803 · DOI · Paper page
  77. Skare, 2001, Creatine supplementation improves sprint performance in male sprinters, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 11, 96, 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.011002096.x · DOI · Paper page
  78. Vandebuerie, 1998, Effect of Creatine Loading on Endurance Capacity and Sprint Power in Cyclists, Endoscopy, 19, 490
  79. Aaserud, 1998, Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 8, 247, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00478.x · DOI

Cited by

See all 39

Metadata

Authors
López-Torres, O., Rodríguez-Longobardo, C., Capel-Escoriza, R., & Fernández-Elías, V. E.
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-12-24
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
81
ISSN
2072-6643
DOI
10.3390/nu15010081
Cited by
39
References
22
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/nu15010081
The paper
López-Torres, O., Rodríguez-Longobardo, C., Capel-Escoriza, R., & Fernández-Elías, V. E. (2022). Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010081

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.