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Defining and Characterizing Postprandial Reactive Hypoglycemia

Open access
Sweatt, S. Katherine, Thomas, Diana M., LaPorte, G. Jake, Chauff, Skyler, Stefanovski, Darko, Gower, Barbara A.·2026·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu18050822PMC PMC12986748
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Abstract

Objective: Individuals with reactive hypoglycemia (RH) may be more likely to develop obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the ability to identify RH has been hampered by the lack of clear criteria. This study used calculus-based curve parameters from a mixed macronutrient liquid meal test (MMTT) to define RH in men and women with obesity. Methods: A total of 69 non-diabetic adults aged 35 ± 8.3 years with obesity (BMI 32.3 ± 4.2 kg/m2) underwent a 4 h MMTT to define RH, and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) to characterize RH (via insulin sensitivity, the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), insulin clearance, and the disposition index). Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed by visual analog scale. Results: RH was defined using curve properties of the MMTT. A total of 19 of the 69 participants had a reactive hypoglycemic response to the MMTT. Glucose AUC and nadir were lower, timing of glucose nadir was earlier, and insulin sensitivity was higher in RH compared to non-RH. Sex (female) and race (AA) were significant predictors of RH presence. Conclusions: Among individuals with obesity, RH is characterized by greater sensitivity to insulin and greater disposition index. We introduce a novel and reproducible method to define RH using curve-based criteria from a mixed meal test integrated with gold-standard IVGTT-derived outcomes.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study proposes calculus-based mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) curve criteria to define reactive hypoglycemia (RH) in non-diabetic adults with obesity and characterizes RH using intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) outcomes. RH was associated with higher insulin sensitivity and disposition index, with no difference in AIRg, insulin clearance, or hunger/fullness.

Key findings

  • In 69 non-diabetic adults with obesity (age 35 ± 8.3 years; BMI 32.3 ± 4.2 kg/m²), RH was defined by MMTT glucose curve criteria: post-peak decline ≤−1.2 mg/dL/min plus early nadir ≥5 mg/dL below fasting, or absolute minimum ≤78 mg/dL within the first 80 min. The abstract reports 19 of 69 had RH, while the Results report RH N = 18 and non-RH N = 51.
  • RH vs non-RH had significantly lower glucose 240-min AUC, lower glucose nadir, earlier glucose nadir, and lower absolute minimum; significant differences also appeared in minimum value after max and timing of absolute minimum.
  • IVGTT characterization showed RH had significantly higher insulin sensitivity (SI) and disposition index (DI); there was no significant difference in AIRg or insulin clearance, though insulin clearance tended to be lower in RH (p = 0.1). No significant difference in perceived hunger or fullness was detected.
  • Logistic regression: Model S1 found sex (female) and race (AA) as significant predictors of RH; adding glucose AUC in Model S2 displaced sex and race, and glucose AUC was the strongest predictor.

Methods

  • Cross-sectional study of 69 healthy African American and Caucasian American males and females aged 21–50 years with obesity; exclusions included diabetes, PCOS, medications affecting glucose metabolism, and others; eligible participants had 2 h OGTT glucose ≤155 mg/dL. MMTT and IVGTT were completed within a 7-day period.
  • MMTT: liquid meal providing 7 kcal/kg (24% fat, 58.6% CHO, 17.4% protein; mean glucose ingested 57 g, range 36–78 g); glucose, insulin, and C-peptide measured; cubic spline interpolation used to derive peak, nadir, AUC, and rate-of-decline curve parameters. IVGTT: MINMOD-derived SI, AIRg, DI, and insulin clearance.
  • Analysis: unpaired t-tests and two-proportion z-tests for group comparisons; logistic regression with random down-sampling of non-RH participants 30 times, ROC AUC, McFadden’s R², and other goodness-of-fit metrics.

Limitations

  • Stated: the RH group fell short of the power calculation (19 observations vs 25); no counter-regulatory hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone) or RH symptom assessment were obtained; strict inclusion of sedentary non-diabetic overweight/obese adults limits generalizability; MMTT was weight-dosed, so larger individuals received a bigger dose; RH symptoms were not recorded during the MMTT.
  • Evident: the abstract reports 19 RH participants while the Results report 18 RH and 51 non-RH; the Methods RH criterion uses a median decline threshold of ≤−1.2 mg/dL/min, while the Discussion describes RH median rate as <−1.4 mg/dL/min.
  • Evident: the small RH sample likely limited the hunger/fullness comparison, as the paper notes.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu18050822

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

9 of 15 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    RH is frequently observed in individuals with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, or prediabetes.

    “RH is frequently observed in individuals with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, or prediabetes, where insulin secretion is disproportionately high relative to carbohydrate intake [2,3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] Hall, M., Walicka, M., Panczyk, M., and Traczyk, I. (2021). Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Suspected Reactive Hypoglycemia. J. Pers. Med., 11. source

      The Introduction says RH may be related to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, or prediabetes, but does not say it is frequently observed in those groups. The Results (§§3.4–3.5; page unavailable) report that only one patient with confirmed RH had insulin resistance and that hyperinsulinemia did not differ significantly by RH diagnosis. The Discussion (§4; page unavailable) also reports lower insulin values in patients with confirmed RH, contrary to the claimed disproportionately high secretion. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [3] Altuntas, 2005, Reactive hypoglycemia in lean young women with PCOS and correlations with insulin sensitivity and with beta cell function, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. source
  • Premisecitation

    Women have higher insulin sensitivity than men.

    “Numerous studies have shown than women have higher insulin sensitivity than men [21].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Karakelides, 2010, Age, obesity, and sex effects on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, Diabetes source
  • Premisecitation

    Symptoms can occur at glucose levels above 70 mg/dL.

    “There are reports, however, that symptoms can occur at glucose levels above 70 mg/dL [2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Hall, M., Walicka, M., Panczyk, M., and Traczyk, I. (2021). Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Suspected Reactive Hypoglycemia. J. Pers. Med., 11. source
  • Premisecitation

    African Americans compared to European Americans have higher AIRg.

    “Additionally, AA compared to EA as a group, have higher AIRg [23], which has been attributed to both greater beta-cell responsivity and lower hepatic insulin extraction [24].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] Chow, 2011, Higher acute insulin response to glucose may determine greater free fatty acid clearance in African-American women, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. source

      The Glucose minimal model section reports higher AIRg in African-American than white women (642 ± 379 versus 263 ± 206; P < 0.01). The cited study included only premenopausal women, so it does not establish the unqualified comparison between African Americans and European Americans as groups. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [24] Piccinini, 2017, Hepatic but Not Extrahepatic Insulin Clearance Is Lower in African American Than in European American Women, Diabetes source
  • Findingown data

    Timing of glucose nadir was earlier in RH compared to non-RH.

    “Glucose AUC and nadir were lower, timing of glucose nadir was earlier, and insulin sensitivity was higher in RH compared to non-RH.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
      “There were significant differences between RH and non-RH participants in glucose 240 min AUC, Glucose Nadir, Glucose Nadir Time, Minimum Value After Max, Timing of Absolute Minimum, and Absolute Minimum Value.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19
  • May combine two claims. 19

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Thresholds such as <70 mg/dL are commonly used in practice, although more stringent cutoff values (e.g., <54 mg/dL) are considered for defining clinically significant episodes.

    “Thresholds such as <70 mg/dL are commonly used in practice, although more stringent cutoff values (e.g., <54 mg/dL) are considered for defining clinically significant episodes [6,10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Cryer, 2009, Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. source

      Section 3.1 Evidence supports use of a 70 mg/dL cutoff for people with drug-treated diabetes. It describes symptoms arising at approximately 55 mg/dL, but does not identify <54 mg/dL as a cutoff for defining clinically significant episodes. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [10] Altuntas, 2019, Postprandial Reactive Hypoglycemia, Sisli Etfal Hastan. Tip. Bul. source

      The section on incretins and beta-cell dysfunction (page unavailable) says diagnosis of hypoglycemia requires blood sugar of 55 mg/dL or less, broadly supporting a more stringent cutoff near 54 mg/dL. Our copy does not say that <70 mg/dL is commonly used in practice or distinguish it from a cutoff for clinically significant episodes (searched: 70 mg/dL, 54 mg/dL, diagnostic thresholds). (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    RH may serve as a marker of impaired glucose regulation and heightened risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

    “In such cases, RH may serve as a marker of impaired glucose regulation and heightened risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) [4,5].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Tabak, 2012, Prediabetes: A high-risk state for diabetes development, Lancet source

      The Introduction (page not available) describes impaired glucose regulation, or prediabetes, as a high-risk state for developing diabetes. The paper does not identify RH as a marker of that state or link RH to future type 2 diabetes risk (searched: RH, reactive hypoglycaemia, and postprandial hypoglycaemia). (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [5] Hall, 2020, Reactive hypoglycemia—An interdisciplinary approach of the disease of XXI Century, Wiad. Lek. source

      A passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable) says late reactive hypoglycemia may occur with prediabetes, including impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance. It also says reactive hypoglycemia can occur in an early phase of type 2 diabetes. These passages support a possible link to impaired glucose regulation, but they do not establish that reactive hypoglycemia predicts a heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Within the RH group, eleven (58%) were AA and five (26%) were male.

    “Within the RH group, eleven (58%) were AA and five (26%) were male.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sex (female) and race (AA) were significant predictors of RH presence.

    “Sex (female) and race (AA) were significant predictors of RH presence.”
    • Also stated in: § Logistic Regression Models · plain
      “In Model S1, sex and race were significant predictors of RH.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences in BMI, age, sex, or percent AA between the RH group and the non-RH group.

    “There were no significant differences in BMI, age, sex, or percent AA between the RH group and the non-RH group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    18 participants were classified as RH and 51 as non-RH.

    “Baseline characteristics of the study population by non-RH (N = 51) and RH (N = 18) groups appear in Table 2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The number of observations in the RH group fell slightly short of the sample size designated by the power calculation (19 observations versus 25 observations).

    “A limitation of this study is that the number of observations in the RH group fell slightly short of the sample size designated by the power calculation (19 observations versus 25 observations).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    RH can occur at higher glucose levels and the rate of glucose decline is an important criterion in diagnosing RH.

    “Our findings suggest RH can occur at higher glucose levels and that the rate of glucose decline is an important criterion in diagnosing RH.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Women and AA have lower glucose AUC.

    “These results may indicate that women and AA have lower glucose AUC, suggesting that glucose AUC mediates the effects of sex and race.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The strict inclusion criteria of sedentary non-diabetic overweight and obese adults limit the generalizability of these results.

    “The strict inclusion criteria of sedentary non-diabetic overweight and obese adults limit the generalizability of these results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Among individuals with obesity, RH is characterized by greater sensitivity to insulin and greater disposition index.

    “Among individuals with obesity, RH is characterized by greater sensitivity to insulin and greater disposition index.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Counter-regulatory hormones such as glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone were not measured.

    “We did not obtain measurement of counter-regulatory hormones such as glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone or reactive hypoglycemia symptom assessment, which is also limitation of this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    RH is characterized not by overall insulin hypersecretion, but by elevated insulin sensitivity leading to postprandial glucose instability.

    “Collectively, these findings indicate that RH is characterized not by overall insulin hypersecretion, but rather by elevated insulin sensitivity leading to postprandial glucose instability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The MMTT was dosed according to body weight, so larger individuals received a bigger dose which may have affected glucose and insulin responses to the meal.

    “The MMTT was dosed according to body weight, therefore larger individuals received a bigger dose which may have affected glucose and insulin responses to the meal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    RH can be attributed to DI, which is a product of enhanced insulin sensitivity (common among females), enhanced AIRg (common among AA), or both.

    “Thus, RH can be attributed to DI, which in turn is a product of enhanced insulin sensitivity (common among females), enhanced AIRg (common among AA), or both.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    RH was characterized using an independent measure, the IVGTT.

    “we characterize RH using an independent measure, the IVGTT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    We introduce a novel and reproducible method to define RH using curve-based criteria from a mixed meal test integrated with gold-standard IVGTT-derived outcomes.

    “We introduce a novel and reproducible method to define RH using curve-based criteria from a mixed meal test integrated with gold-standard IVGTT-derived outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Missing MMTT postprandial glucose and insulin concentration values were filled using the algorithm published in [16].

    “We used the algorithm published in [16] through the web-based software to fill in the missing values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] LaPorte, 2024, An algorithm to simulate missing data for mixed meal tolerance test response curves, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Among non-diabetic men and women with obesity, RH was characterized by greater SI and higher DI from IVGTT.

    “Additionally, we determined that, among non-diabetic men and women with obesity, RH was characterized by greater SI and higher DI from IVGTT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Sample size calculation required n = 26 to n = 64 per group to detect a difference in means assuming Cohen's d = 0.50 to 0.80, α=0.05, and 80% power.

    “Assuming a moderate to large effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.50 to 0.80), α=0.05, and 80% power to obtain the range of sample size, n = 26 to n = 64 in each group was required to detect a difference a means.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A mixed meal tolerance test better represents the true occurrence of RH in everyday life because it provides a macronutrient composition like that of a typical meal.

    “Brun et al. suggest that a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) better represents the true occurrence of RH in everyday life because it provides a macronutrient composition like that of a typical meal [9].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Brun, 2000, Postprandial reactive hypoglycemia, Diabetes Metab.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These findings offer a novel means to study RH as a possible early marker of a metabolic phenotype that could precede or contribute to later insulin resistance and weight gain.

    “These findings offer a novel means to study RH as a possible early marker of a metabolic phenotype that could precede or contribute to later insulin resistance and weight gain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Glucose was measured using a glucose oxidase method with mean intra-assay CV 1.21% and inter-assay CV 3.065%.

    “Glucose was measured in 3 µL sera using a glucose oxidase method (Stanbio Sirrus analyzer; Stanbio Laboratory, Boerne, TX, USA). This analysis had a mean intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.21%, and a mean inter-assay CV of 3.065%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Human Use at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB).

    “The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Human Use at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Greater AIRg is disproportionate to SI, thus producing a high DI.

    “This greater AIRg is disproportionate to SI, thus producing a high DI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is no consensus definition of RH and a lack of gold standard diagnostic criteria.

    “First, there is no consensus definition of RH and there is a lack of gold standard diagnostic criteria.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Brun, 2000, Postprandial reactive hypoglycemia, Diabetes Metab.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The OGTT evokes a non-physiological response and may result in false-positive diagnosis of RH.

    “The most common method for diagnosing RH is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), however, it has been argued that the OGTT evokes a non-physiological response and may result in false-positive diagnosis of RH [9].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Brun, 2000, Postprandial reactive hypoglycemia, Diabetes Metab.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Insulin was assayed with immunofluorescence with mean inter-assay CV 4.42% and intra-assay CV 1.49%.

    “Insulin was assayed in 50 µL aliquots with immunofluorescence (TOSOH AIA-II analyzer, TOSOH Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA; mean inter-assay CV 4.42%; mean intra-assay CV 1.49%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    To balance the dataset for logistic regression, non-RH participants were randomly down-sampled to equal the number of RH participants.

    “To balance the dataset for logistic regression, we randomly down-sampled the number of non-RH participants to be equal to the number of RH participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    C-peptide was assayed with double-antibody radioimmunoassay with sensitivity 0.318 ng/mL, intra-assay CV 3.57%, and inter-assay CV 5.59%.

    “C-peptide was assayed in duplicate 25 μL aliquots with double-antibody radioimmunoassay reagents (Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA, USA). Assay sensitivity was 0.318 ng/mL; mean intra-assay CV was 3.57%; and mean inter-assay CV was 5.59%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
30 of 30

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no predictive model identifying RH.

    “Additionally, there is no predictive model identifying RH.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    RH remains poorly characterized, particularly in individuals with obesity, and there is limited understanding of how different testing methods capture its underlying metabolic features.

    “However, RH remains poorly characterized, particularly in individuals with obesity, and there is limited understanding of how different testing methods, such as the mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) and the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), capture its underlying metabolic features.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The metabolic and behavioral consequences of RH in individuals with obesity remain poorly defined.

    “Despite these implications, the metabolic and behavioral consequences of RH in individuals with obesity remain poorly defined.”
3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting numbers of participants with RH

    Major

    The abstract reports 19 participants with RH among 69, whereas the Results report 18 with RH and 51 without RH, also totaling 69. The group size used for the study's conclusions is therefore inconsistent.

  • Reported AA percentage does not match the Results group size

    Minor

    Using the Results' RH group size of 18, eleven AA participants represent 61.1%, not 58%. The reported percentage instead corresponds approximately to a group of 19.

    Reported 58 · recomputed 61.111111

  • Reported male percentage does not match the Results group size

    Minor

    Using the Results' RH group size of 18, five male participants represent 27.8%, not 26%. The reported percentage instead corresponds approximately to a group of 19.

    Reported 26 · recomputed 27.777778

  • Eligibility cutoff does not exclude the stated impaired-glucose range

    Minor

    A participant with a 2-hour glucose value from 140 through 155 mg/dL meets the stated eligibility cutoff and also meets the paper's stated criterion for impaired glucose tolerance. Thus, the cutoff cannot exclude everyone meeting that criterion as claimed.

  • Power-calculation minimum changes from 26 to 25

    Minor

    The Methods state that at least 26 participants per group were required, but the Discussion describes the designated sample size as 25 observations. These are different stated targets for the same power calculation.

5 of 5

Cites

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Authors
Sweatt, S. K., Thomas, D. M., LaPorte, G. J., Chauff, S., Stefanovski, D., & Gower, B. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
  • United States Military Academy (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author
Sweatt, S. Katherine
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2026-03-03
Volume
18
Issue
5
Pages
822
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu18050822
PMC
PMC12986748
OpenAlex
W7133529216
Semantic Scholar
fe5c17df558476c68dba91fa350e60b9d0369a19
Cited by
2
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 2
FWCI
9.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health Nutrition Obesity Research Center (P30DK056336, UG1HD107688)
  • Diabetes Research and Training Center (P30DK079626)
  • National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (R01DK67538)
  • Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1RR025777)
  • National Institute of Health Center for Exercise Medicine Training (T32HD071866)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Keywords
reactive hypoglycemia, postprandial hypoglycemia, obesity, insulin sensitivity, insulin clearance, disposition index, acute insulin response, sex differences, racial differences, hunger and fullness
MeSH terms
Adult, Blood Glucose, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Postprandial Period

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-14.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-14.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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