The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 116 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier
Open accessAbstract
In past two decades poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been among the most attractive polymeric candidates used to fabricate devices for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. PLGA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times, has tunable mechanical properties and most importantly, is a FDA approved polymer. In particular, PLGA has been extensively studied for the development of devices for controlled delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins and other macromolecules in commercial use and in research. This manuscript describes the various fabrication techniques for these devices and the factors affecting their degradation and drug release.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review surveys poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as a biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier, covering its properties, copolymer systems, fabrication methods, release behavior, degradation factors, toxicology, and modeling. It concludes that PLGA is versatile and FDA-approved, with degradation and release tunable through composition, molecular weight, crystallinity, device geometry, and drug characteristics.
Key findings
- PLGA is biocompatible, biodegradable, FDA-approved, and can be processed into nanospheres, microspheres, and millimeter-sized implants; it degrades by ester hydrolysis into lactic and glycolic acids, which are eliminated through normal metabolic routes or the kidney.
- Degradation rate depends strongly on lactide-to-glycolide ratio: 50:50 PLGA degrades fastest, followed by 65:35, 75:25, and 85:15; higher glycolic acid content increases degradation, while higher molecular weight generally slows it. PLGA copolymers have a glass transition temperature above 37 °C and are glassy at physiological temperature.
- Drug release is often biphasic, with an initial burst followed by slower diffusion and erosion; release is influenced by drug type and load, matrix surface-area-to-volume ratio, pH, crystallinity, and possibly enzymes, though reports on crystallinity and enzymatic degradation conflict.
- Fabrication approaches include single and double emulsion, coacervation, spray drying, nanoprecipitation, salting out, solvent casting and compression molding, extrusion, supercritical CO₂ foaming, and multifunctional micro/nanoparticles; PLGA/PEG block copolymers can form thermogels but may reduce encapsulation efficiency.
Methods
- Narrative review of prior literature; no experimental study, systematic search strategy, or primary data collection is described.
- Synthesizes published work on PLGA physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, copolymer architectures, fabrication techniques, drug release behavior, degradation factors, toxicology, and mathematical modeling.
- Includes equations for diffusion-controlled release, first-order molecular weight loss, and particle-size distributions such as Weibull or Rosin–Rammler models.
Limitations
- The paper states that mechanisms of PLGA degradation and release are not clearly understood, that crystallinity effects are conflicting, that the role of enzymes is unresolved, and that in vivo and in vitro degradation rates often do not correlate well.
- It notes that nanoscale PLGA may have distinct biodistribution and toxicological profiles, and that local tissue reactions at application sites can occur, though generally mild.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search criteria, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis, so conclusions rest on selected cited studies rather than a formal evidence assessment.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
60 No full text of the sources · 21 Own interpretation · 6 No basis given · 2 Supported so far · 2 Partly supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The main advantage of this approach over micro/nanospheres is related to the ability to manage adverse events, since implants retain a degree of reversibility which is not available in depot mechanisms [12,59].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Siegel, 2006, Effect of drug type on the degradation rate of PLGA matrices, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. source
- Supportedcites [59] Rabin, 2008, In vitro and in vivo demonstration of risperidone implants in mice, Schizophr. Res. source
The Introduction describes depot injections as irreversible and says the implants bypass that limitation. The Discussion (Potential Advantages) says implants can be removed if a problem arises, supporting the claimed advantage for managing adverse events. The paper describes fabrication by solvent casting in Materials and Methods; it does not separately compare the implants with micro- or nanospheres. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, the high rate clearance of micro/nanoparticles by the body’s reticuloendothelial system (RES) and the difficultyfor such particles to penetrate many tissue types may limit their use to the vascular space [69–71].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.4. Miscellaneous Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Xu, 2010, Synthesizing and binding dual-mode poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanobubbles for cancer targeting and imaging, Biomaterials source
- Could not verifycites [70] Zhang, 2010, Multifunctional microbubbles for image-guided antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy, J. Biomed. Opt. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses micro- and nanobubbles for imaging and intraocular drug delivery, but does not address clearance by the reticuloendothelial system or difficulty penetrating tissue. Searches for those mechanisms and for confinement to the vascular space found no relevant passage in our copy. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] Sun, 2008, Multifunctional poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)/ montmorillonite (PLGA/MMT) nanoparticles decorated by Trastuzumab for targeted chemotherapy of breast cancer, Biomaterials source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Such multifunctional particles can also be formulated from a component material to reduce side effects of the encapsulated drug [70].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.4. Miscellaneous Systems
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [70] Zhang, 2010, Multifunctional microbubbles for image-guided antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy, J. Biomed. Opt. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes multifunctional PLGA microbubbles made from a biocompatible, biodegradable material for targeted delivery (Abstract; page unavailable). It does not report reduced drug side effects; the encapsulated substance in this study was Texas Red dye, while the anti-VEGF drug Avastin was conjugated to the microbubble surface. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of PLGA follows a non-linear and dose-dependent profile [14].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Yang, 2001, Morphology, drug distribution, and in vitro release profiles of biodegradable polymeric microspheres containing protein fabricated by double-emulsion solvent extraction/evaporation method, Biomaterials source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better release kinetics from formulations of diblock copolymers have been demonstrated in comparison to PLGA alone.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using these techniques, processing parameters such as orientation of jets, material flow rates, and rate of solvent extraction can be controlled to create uniform and well-centered double-walled microspheres exhibiting a controllable shell thickness [52].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Berkland, 2004, Uniform double-walled polymer microspheres of controllable shell thickness, J. Control. Release source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“PLGA physical properties themselves have been shown to depend upon multiple factors, including the initial molecular weight, the ratio of lactide to glycolide, the size of the device, exposure to water (surface shape) and storage temperature [11].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Houchin, 2009, Physical properties of PLGA films during polymer degradation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Solvent casting is a method to fabricate a macroscopic millimeter size formulation which can be implanted or inserted for long term medication [59].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [59] Rabin, 2008, In vitro and in vivo demonstration of risperidone implants in mice, Schizophr. Res. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and Methods (page not given) describe solvent casting risperidone and polymer, then molding or extruding the film into implantable pellets or rods. The Introduction and Conclusions describe long-term drug delivery, but the passages do not specify millimeter-sized dimensions; the demonstrated use is a risperidone implant in mice, not a general formulation for long-term medication. (LLM, conf=0.81)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“PLGA/PEG block copolymers have been processed as diblock (PLGA-PEG) [18,19] or triblock molecules with both ABA (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) [20] and BAB (PEG-PLGA-PEG) [21] types.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] Cheng, 2007, Formulation of functionalized PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles for in vivo targeted drug delivery, Biomaterials source
The citation to this paper is attached to the diblock (PLGA-PEG) portion of the sentence, not the triblock types. Sections 2.2.1 and 3.1 describe synthesizing PLGA-b-PEG by conjugating a PLGA block with a PEG block. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Li, 2001, PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles as protein carriers: Synthesis, preparation and biodistribution in rats, J. Control. Release source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Ghahremankhani, 2007, PLGA-PEG-PLGA tri-block copolymers as an in-situ gel forming system for calcitonin delivery, Polym. Bull. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Jeong, 2000, In situ gelation of PEGPLGAPEG triblock copolymer aqueous solutions and degradation thereof, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Unlike solvent-casting, extrusion is a continuous process of drawing polymer-drug mixture through a die to create implants of fixed cross-sectional profile without any use of solvent.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] Wang, 2010, A rapid method for creating drug implants: Translating laboratory-based methods into a scalable manufacturing process, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. source
The Discussion describes extrusion, in contrast to solvent-casting, as a continuous, solvent-free process for making drug implants. Materials and Methods > Extrusion describes feeding a polymer–drug mixture through an extruder die to produce rods, consistent with the claimed fixed cross-sectional profile. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Salting out is another method in which a water-in-oil emulsion is first formed containing polymer, solvent (usually non chlorinated like acetone), salt (e.g., magnesium acetate tetrahydrate) and stabilizer. Water is then added to the solution until the volume is sufficient to diffuse acetone into the water, resulting in nanoparticle formulations [55–58].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.2. Nanoparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Lamprecht, 2000, Influences of process parameters on nanoparticle preparation performed by a double emulsion pressure homogenization technique, Int. J. Pharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Murakami, 1999, Preparation of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles by modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method, Int. J. Pharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Konan, 2003, Preparation and characterization of sterile sub-200 nm meso-tetra(4-hydroxylphenyl)porphyrin-loaded nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Kwon, 2001, Preparation of PLGA nanoparticles containing estrogen by emulsification-diffusion method, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main disadvantage of this process is the adhesion of the microparticles to the inner walls of the spray-dryer.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A modification on this procedure called the double or multiple emulsion technique has become the favored protocol for encapsulating hydrophilic compounds and proteins [37].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.2. Nanoparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Mao, 2007, Effect of WOW process parameters on morphology and burst release of FITC-dextran loaded PLGA microspheres, Int. J. Pharm. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It is soluble in wide range of common solvents including chlorinated solvents, tetrahydofuran, acetone or ethyl acetate [7,10].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Uhrich, 1999, Polymeric systems for controlled drug release, Chem. Rev. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Wu, 2001, Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation, and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid polymers. Part II: Biodegradation, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, microfluidic devices can incorporate the use of electrostatic forces to control the size and shape of particles for increased tuning of release characteristics [53].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Loscertales, 2002, Micro/Nano encapsulation via electrified coaxial liquid jets, Science source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nanoparticles can also be synthesized by nanoprecipitation methods. Polymer and drug are dissolved in acetone and added to an aqueous solution containing Pluronic F68. The acetone is evaporated at appropriate temperatures and reduced pressures leaving behind the polymer encapsulated nanoparticles with drug [54].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.2. Nanoparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Hans, 2002, Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drug delivery of peptides and proteins may also require parenteral formulations to avoid degradation in the digestive tract and first pass metabolism, while the short circulating half-lives of peptides and proteins contribute to the need for parenteral formulations that will reduce dosing frequency.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presence of methyl side groups in PLA makes it more hydrophobic than PGA and hence lactide rich PLGA copolymers are less hydrophilic, absorb less water and subsequently degrade more slowly.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, spray drying is very rapid, convenient and has very few processing parameters, making it suitable for industrial scalable processing.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The copolymer is usually a free flowing solution at low temperature and can form a high viscosity gel at body temperature.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mechanical strength, swelling behavior, capacity to undergo hydrolysis and subsequently biodegradation rate of the polymer are directly influenced by the degree of crystallinity of the PLGA, which is further dependent on the type and molar ratio of the individual monomer components in the copolymer chain.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emulsion techniques require precise control of processing parameters for higher encapsulation efficiency, and phase separation techniques tend to produce agglomerated particles and also require removal of large quantities of the organic phase from the microspheres. This makes the process difficult for mass production.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Degree of crystallinity and melting point of the polymers are directly related to the molecular weight of the polymer.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Biocompatibility is clearly important, although it is important to note that biocompatibility is not an intrinsic property of a material, but depends on the biological environment and the tolerability that exists with respect to specific drug-polymer-tissue interactions [9].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Anderson, 1997, Biodegradation and biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Recently, coaxial capillary flows have become a preferable technique to produce monodispersed micro/nanoparticles with either simple or core-shell structure because of their precise control on mean particle size [50,51].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Barrero, 2007, Micro- and nanoparticles via capillary flows, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Freitas, 2005, Microencapsulation by solvent extraction/evaporation: Reviewing the state of the art of microsphere preparation process technology, J. Control. Release source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drugs formulated in such polymeric devices are released either by diffusion through the polymer barrier, or by erosion of the polymer material, or by a combination of both diffusion and erosion mechanisms.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a rule, higher content of PGA leads to quicker rates of degradation with an exception of 50:50 ratio of PLA/PGA, which exhibits the fastest degradation, with higher PGA content leading to increased degradation interval below 50%.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The degradation of the PLGA carriers is quick on the initial stage (around 30%) and slows eventually to be cleared by respiration in the lung [16].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Bazile, 1992, Body distribution of fully biodegradable [14C]-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles coated with albumin after parenteral administration to rats, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This method is known to encapsulate all kinds of drugs/peptides/proteins into microparticles without significant loss in their biological activity.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crystalline PGA, when co-polymerized with PLA, reduces the degree of crystallinity of PLGA and as a result increase the rate of hydration and hydrolysis.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triblock copolymers of both ABA and BAB type can act as a thermogel with an A-block covalently coupled with a B-block via ester link.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Tg (glass transition temperature) of the PLGA copolymers are reported to be above the physiological temperature of 37 °C and hence are glassy in nature, thus exhibiting fairly rigid chain structure.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nature of solvent used, temperature of the solvent evaporation and feed rate affects the morphology of the microspheres.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Water-in-oil-in-water emulsion methods are best suited to encapsulate water-soluble drugs like peptides, proteins, and vaccines, unlike single emulsion methods which is ideal for water-insoluble drugs like steroids.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This layer of PEG acts as a barrier and reduces the interactions with foreign molecules by steric and hydrated repulsion, giving enhanced shelf stability [22].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Tobio, 1998, Stealth PLA-PEG nanoparticles as protein carriers for nasal administration, Pharm. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The role of enzymes in any PLGA biodegradation is unclear. Most literature indicate that the PLGA biodegradation does not involve any enzymatic activity and is purely through hydrolysis. However, some investigators have suggested an enzymatic role in PLGA breakdown based upon the difference in the in vitro and in vivo degradation rates.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.1. Biphasic Release
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Alexis, 2005, Factors affecting the degradation and drug-release mechanism of poly (lactic acid) and poly [(lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)], Polym. Int. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denatured species are therapeutically inactive and can cause unpredictable side effects, such as immunogenicity or other toxicity.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Widmer, 1998, Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the moment, there are conflicting reports on the effect of crystallinity on the degradation rate [80].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Alexis, 2005, Factors affecting the degradation and drug-release mechanism of poly (lactic acid) and poly [(lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)], Polym. Int. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The PLGA polymer biodegrades into lactic and glycolic acids. Lactic acid enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is metabolized and subsequently eliminated from the body as carbon dioxide and water [75]. Glycolic acid is either excreted unchanged in the kidney or it enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is eventually eliminated as carbon dioxide and water.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.1. Biphasic Release
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Crotts, 1998, Protein delivery from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) biodegradable microspheres: Release kinetics and stability issues, J. Microencapsul. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“After such pressurization and rapid depressurization sequence, the thermodynamic instability of CO2 molecules leads to their clustering inside the liquid polymer. As CO2 leaves, the emulsion results in a porous polymer structure [66,67].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.4. Miscellaneous Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Koushik, 2004, Preparation of large porous Deslorelin-PLGA microparticles with reduced residual solvent and cellular uptake using a supercritical carbon dioxide process, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Davies, 2008, Applications of supercritical CO2 in the fabrication of polymer systems for drug delivery and tissue engineering, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PLGA 50:50 (PLA/PGA) exhibited a faster degradation than PLGA 65:35 due to preferential degradation of glycolic acid proportion assigned by higher hydrophilicity. Subsequently PLGA 65:35 shows faster degradation than PLGA 75:25 and PLGA 75:25 than PLGA 85:15 [79].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Park, 1995, Degradation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres: Effect of copolymer composition, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Third, solvent-casting and compression molding are not continuous processes, which may increase batch-to-batch variation in the composition of implants as well as cost of manufacturing [60].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Widmer, 1998, Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration, Biomaterials source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The ratio of surface area to volume has shown to be a significant factor for degradation of large devices. Higher surface area ratio leads to higher degradation of the matrix.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Schliecker, 2003, Hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) films: Effect of oligomers on degradation rate and crystallinity, Int. J. Pharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Witt, 2001, Morphological characterization of microspheres, films and implants prepared from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and ABA triblock copolymers: Is the erosion controlled by degradation, swelling or diffusion?, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Grizzi, 1995, Hydrolytic degradation of devices based on poly(DL-lactic acid) size-dependence, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the PLGA degradation and the drug release rate can be accelerated by greater hydrophilicity, increase in chemical interactions among the hydrolytic groups, less crystallinity and larger volume to surface ratio of the device.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first stage of drug release is through random scission of the polymer without any polymer weight loss and is mainly through diffusion, while the second stage is characterized by the onset of weight loss.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.4. Modeling of PLGA Drug Release Profiles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Berchane, 2007, Effect of mean diameter and polydispersity of PLG microspheres on drug release: Experiment and theory, Int. J. Pharm. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies suggest that nanoparticles of any material may create specific biodistribution and toxicological profiles [95].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.3. Toxicology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] Olivier, 1999, Indirect evidence that drug brain targeting using polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles is related to toxicity, Pharm. Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, multiple studies demonstrate that PLGA can easily be formulated into the drug carrying devices at all scales, i.e., as nanospheres, as microspheres and even as millimeter sized implants, can encapsulate a wide range of drugs, peptides or proteins and can be delivered over different periods of time with diverse routes of delivery.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
A pulsated drug release profile is sometimes preferred over continuous drug presence because continuous presence may lead to receptor downregulation or tolerance development.
“A pulsated drug release profile is sometimes preferred over the continuous presence of the drug, which may lead to downregulation of receptors or the development of tolerance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Large macroscopic formulations act as a drug reservoir that can be delivered over a longer interval.
“Large size, macroscopic formulations act as a reservoir for drug that can be delivered over a longer interval.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All microparticle preparation techniques described earlier can be employed for manufacturing PLGA nanoparticles by adjusting processing parameters.
“All the above described microparticle techniques can be employed for manufacturing PLGA nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules) by adjusting the processing parameters.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It allows for adjustable degradation rates and hydrophilicity by changing the PGA:PLA ratio, where higher PLA concentrations increase hydrophobicity, degradation time, and consequently incorporated drug release.[ 201 ]”
From Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell–Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes (2024) · cites this paper as [201]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Examples of polyesters for solubilizing hydrophobic drugs are PCL, PDLLA and PLGA [106–108].”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [106]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“and the material mineralization can be expedited in the presence of immobilized growth factors [91–95].”
From Polydopamine-Assisted Surface Modification for Bone Biosubstitutes (2016) · cites this paper as [91]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Upon immobilization of BMP, the property of osteoblast cells responsive to polymeric materials can be remarkably improved”
From Polydopamine-Assisted Surface Modification for Bone Biosubstitutes (2016) · cites this paper as [91]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Drug release occurs via bulk degradation of the polymer and drug diffusion 12 and can be modified by altering the hydrophobicity of the monomer, polymer chain length and particle size 13 .”
From Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
“In general, the PLGA degradation and the drug release rate can be accelerated by greater hydrophilicity, increase in chemical interactions among the hydrolytic groups, less crystallinity and larger volume to surface ratio of the device.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
“The ratio of surface area to volume has shown to be a significant factor for degradation of large devices. Higher surface area ratio leads to higher degradation of the matrix.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
“The physicochemical properties of optically active PDLA and PLLA are nearly the same.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
“In general, the polymer PLA can be made in highly crystalline form (PLLA) or completely amorphous (PDLA) due to disordered polymer chains.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
“Higher surface area ratio leads to higher degradation of the matrix.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
“In general, the PLGA degradation and the drug release rate can be accelerated by greater hydrophilicity, increase in chemical interactions among the hydrolytic groups, less crystallinity and larger volume to surface ratio of the device.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.4. Modeling of PLGA Drug Release Profiles
“The above equation is solved using the following boundary conditions of concentration profile (2) and initial condition (3).”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.4. Modeling of PLGA Drug Release Profiles
“(2)∂C(r,t)∂r|r=0,t=0=0 (3)C(r,t)|r=R,t>0=0 where R is the radius of the particle (if spherical).”
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Method
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“Various strategies have been used to moderate PLGA degradation, such as controlling LA/GA ratio or the addition of nanoparticles (25, 26).”
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“In order to obtain both the empty PLGA and BMNP-embedded PLGA [PLGA(BMNPs)] nanoformulations, the single emulsion-evaporation method [29,50] (Figure S1) was used.”
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“Moreover, polymeric nanoparticles such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan allow the controlled release of growth factors and genetic materials [25, 26].”
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“DoE enabled effective NP synthesis to be optimized; the choice of PLGA was based on its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and FDA/EMA approval [110–114].”
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Mobilizing Endogenous Repair Through Understanding Immune Reaction With Biomaterials
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ResultPulmonary Targeting of Levofloxacin Using Microsphere-Based Dry Powder Inhalation
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“58 ◦C, corresponding to its glass transition temperature [33].”
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Nanofibrous Vildagliptin/PLGA Membranes Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing by Angiogenesis
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“Drug release is due to the gradual hydrolysis of PLGA to oligomers, which leads to the formation of pores on the surface and inside of microspheres, providing conditions for drug release through diffusion and erosion within microspheres (Makadia & Siegel, 2011).”
BackgroundAntibiotic-loaded hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated from Nile tilapia bones for orthopaedics
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Nanofiber-based systems against skin cancers: Therapeutic and protective approaches
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The Recent Applications of PLGA-Based Nanostructures for Ischemic Stroke
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“PLGA can be dissolved in different solvents, such as acetone, chlorinated solvents, tetrahydrofuran, and ethyl acetate [28].”
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“In the first day of release, the drug on the surface of the microspheres diffused into the release medium [36,37], which caused the wrinkles on the surface of the microspheres to slightly deepen and formed an initial small burst release.”
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“Water obtained from a Milli-Q ® direct water purification system was used in all the experiments.”
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Microneedle-Assisted Transdermal Delivery of Lurasidone Nanoparticles
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Modifications of Nanobubble Therapy for Cancer Treatment
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“The drug release from PLGA with degradation is influenced by various factors such as the initial molecular weight, the monomer composition rate of PLA and PGA, the drug type, and the pH of the surrounding circumstances [12, 25].”
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“Therefore, a biphasic curve for drug release as a result of PLGA biodegradation has been shown to display following pattern: initial burst effect and long second phase [7].”
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“Hence, PLGA copolymers with high lactide molar ratio are more hydrophobic and degrade more slowly in the biological system [19].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Makadia, H. K., & Siegel, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Siegel, Steven J.
- Venue
- Polymers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-08-26
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1377-1397
- ISSN
- 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3347861
- OpenAlex
- W2087032263
- Semantic Scholar
- 3649c008437b4a4a59c67419af5d7fe7bf3594a7
- Cited by
- 4,816
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 490 · 2025: 477 · 2024: 387 · 2023: 394 · 2022: 419 · 2021: 406 · 2020: 435 · 2019: 412 · 2018: 373 · 2017: 305 · 2016: 266 · 2015: 212 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 46.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074672)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, controlled drug delivery, biodegradable polymers, biocompatibility, drug release, polymer degradation, tissue engineering, small molecule drugs, protein delivery, macromolecule delivery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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