The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 116 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier
Open accessAbstract
In past two decades poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been among the most attractive polymeric candidates used to fabricate devices for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. PLGA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times, has tunable mechanical properties and most importantly, is a FDA approved polymer. In particular, PLGA has been extensively studied for the development of devices for controlled delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins and other macromolecules in commercial use and in research. This manuscript describes the various fabrication techniques for these devices and the factors affecting their degradation and drug release.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review surveys poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as a biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier, covering its properties, copolymer systems, fabrication methods, release behavior, degradation factors, toxicology, and modeling. It concludes that PLGA is versatile and FDA-approved, with degradation and release tunable through composition, molecular weight, crystallinity, device geometry, and drug characteristics.
Key findings
- PLGA is biocompatible, biodegradable, FDA-approved, and can be processed into nanospheres, microspheres, and millimeter-sized implants; it degrades by ester hydrolysis into lactic and glycolic acids, which are eliminated through normal metabolic routes or the kidney.
- Degradation rate depends strongly on lactide-to-glycolide ratio: 50:50 PLGA degrades fastest, followed by 65:35, 75:25, and 85:15; higher glycolic acid content increases degradation, while higher molecular weight generally slows it. PLGA copolymers have a glass transition temperature above 37 °C and are glassy at physiological temperature.
- Drug release is often biphasic, with an initial burst followed by slower diffusion and erosion; release is influenced by drug type and load, matrix surface-area-to-volume ratio, pH, crystallinity, and possibly enzymes, though reports on crystallinity and enzymatic degradation conflict.
- Fabrication approaches include single and double emulsion, coacervation, spray drying, nanoprecipitation, salting out, solvent casting and compression molding, extrusion, supercritical CO₂ foaming, and multifunctional micro/nanoparticles; PLGA/PEG block copolymers can form thermogels but may reduce encapsulation efficiency.
Methods
- Narrative review of prior literature; no experimental study, systematic search strategy, or primary data collection is described.
- Synthesizes published work on PLGA physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, copolymer architectures, fabrication techniques, drug release behavior, degradation factors, toxicology, and mathematical modeling.
- Includes equations for diffusion-controlled release, first-order molecular weight loss, and particle-size distributions such as Weibull or Rosin–Rammler models.
Limitations
- The paper states that mechanisms of PLGA degradation and release are not clearly understood, that crystallinity effects are conflicting, that the role of enzymes is unresolved, and that in vivo and in vitro degradation rates often do not correlate well.
- It notes that nanoscale PLGA may have distinct biodistribution and toxicological profiles, and that local tissue reactions at application sites can occur, though generally mild.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search criteria, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis, so conclusions rest on selected cited studies rather than a formal evidence assessment.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
60 No full text of the sources · 21 Own interpretation · 6 No basis given · 2 Supported so far · 2 Partly supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The main advantage of this approach over micro/nanospheres is related to the ability to manage adverse events, since implants retain a degree of reversibility which is not available in depot mechanisms [12,59].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Siegel, 2006, Effect of drug type on the degradation rate of PLGA matrices, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. source
- Supportedcites [59] Rabin, 2008, In vitro and in vivo demonstration of risperidone implants in mice, Schizophr. Res. source
The Introduction describes depot injections as irreversible and says the implants bypass that limitation. The Discussion (Potential Advantages) says implants can be removed if a problem arises, supporting the claimed advantage for managing adverse events. The paper describes fabrication by solvent casting in Materials and Methods; it does not separately compare the implants with micro- or nanospheres. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, the high rate clearance of micro/nanoparticles by the body’s reticuloendothelial system (RES) and the difficultyfor such particles to penetrate many tissue types may limit their use to the vascular space [69–71].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.4. Miscellaneous Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Xu, 2010, Synthesizing and binding dual-mode poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanobubbles for cancer targeting and imaging, Biomaterials source
- Could not verifycites [70] Zhang, 2010, Multifunctional microbubbles for image-guided antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy, J. Biomed. Opt. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses micro- and nanobubbles for imaging and intraocular drug delivery, but does not address clearance by the reticuloendothelial system or difficulty penetrating tissue. Searches for those mechanisms and for confinement to the vascular space found no relevant passage in our copy. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] Sun, 2008, Multifunctional poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)/ montmorillonite (PLGA/MMT) nanoparticles decorated by Trastuzumab for targeted chemotherapy of breast cancer, Biomaterials source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Such multifunctional particles can also be formulated from a component material to reduce side effects of the encapsulated drug [70].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.4. Miscellaneous Systems
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [70] Zhang, 2010, Multifunctional microbubbles for image-guided antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy, J. Biomed. Opt. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes multifunctional PLGA microbubbles made from a biocompatible, biodegradable material for targeted delivery (Abstract; page unavailable). It does not report reduced drug side effects; the encapsulated substance in this study was Texas Red dye, while the anti-VEGF drug Avastin was conjugated to the microbubble surface. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of PLGA follows a non-linear and dose-dependent profile [14].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Yang, 2001, Morphology, drug distribution, and in vitro release profiles of biodegradable polymeric microspheres containing protein fabricated by double-emulsion solvent extraction/evaporation method, Biomaterials source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better release kinetics from formulations of diblock copolymers have been demonstrated in comparison to PLGA alone.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using these techniques, processing parameters such as orientation of jets, material flow rates, and rate of solvent extraction can be controlled to create uniform and well-centered double-walled microspheres exhibiting a controllable shell thickness [52].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Berkland, 2004, Uniform double-walled polymer microspheres of controllable shell thickness, J. Control. Release source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“PLGA physical properties themselves have been shown to depend upon multiple factors, including the initial molecular weight, the ratio of lactide to glycolide, the size of the device, exposure to water (surface shape) and storage temperature [11].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Houchin, 2009, Physical properties of PLGA films during polymer degradation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Solvent casting is a method to fabricate a macroscopic millimeter size formulation which can be implanted or inserted for long term medication [59].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [59] Rabin, 2008, In vitro and in vivo demonstration of risperidone implants in mice, Schizophr. Res. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and Methods (page not given) describe solvent casting risperidone and polymer, then molding or extruding the film into implantable pellets or rods. The Introduction and Conclusions describe long-term drug delivery, but the passages do not specify millimeter-sized dimensions; the demonstrated use is a risperidone implant in mice, not a general formulation for long-term medication. (LLM, conf=0.81)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“PLGA/PEG block copolymers have been processed as diblock (PLGA-PEG) [18,19] or triblock molecules with both ABA (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) [20] and BAB (PEG-PLGA-PEG) [21] types.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] Cheng, 2007, Formulation of functionalized PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles for in vivo targeted drug delivery, Biomaterials source
The citation to this paper is attached to the diblock (PLGA-PEG) portion of the sentence, not the triblock types. Sections 2.2.1 and 3.1 describe synthesizing PLGA-b-PEG by conjugating a PLGA block with a PEG block. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Li, 2001, PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles as protein carriers: Synthesis, preparation and biodistribution in rats, J. Control. Release source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Ghahremankhani, 2007, PLGA-PEG-PLGA tri-block copolymers as an in-situ gel forming system for calcitonin delivery, Polym. Bull. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Jeong, 2000, In situ gelation of PEGPLGAPEG triblock copolymer aqueous solutions and degradation thereof, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Unlike solvent-casting, extrusion is a continuous process of drawing polymer-drug mixture through a die to create implants of fixed cross-sectional profile without any use of solvent.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] Wang, 2010, A rapid method for creating drug implants: Translating laboratory-based methods into a scalable manufacturing process, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. source
The Discussion describes extrusion, in contrast to solvent-casting, as a continuous, solvent-free process for making drug implants. Materials and Methods > Extrusion describes feeding a polymer–drug mixture through an extruder die to produce rods, consistent with the claimed fixed cross-sectional profile. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PLGA are a family of FDA-approved biodegradable polymers that are physically strong and highly biocompatible and have been extensively studied as delivery vehicles for drugs, proteins and various other macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and peptides [1–3].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Bouissou, 2006, The influence of surfactant on PLGA microsphere glass transition and water sorption: Remodeling the surface morphology to attenuate the burst release, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jain, 2000, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Ruhe, 2003, rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites, J. Bone Jt. Surg. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Salting out is another method in which a water-in-oil emulsion is first formed containing polymer, solvent (usually non chlorinated like acetone), salt (e.g., magnesium acetate tetrahydrate) and stabilizer. Water is then added to the solution until the volume is sufficient to diffuse acetone into the water, resulting in nanoparticle formulations [55–58].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.2. Nanoparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Lamprecht, 2000, Influences of process parameters on nanoparticle preparation performed by a double emulsion pressure homogenization technique, Int. J. Pharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Murakami, 1999, Preparation of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles by modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method, Int. J. Pharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Konan, 2003, Preparation and characterization of sterile sub-200 nm meso-tetra(4-hydroxylphenyl)porphyrin-loaded nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Kwon, 2001, Preparation of PLGA nanoparticles containing estrogen by emulsification-diffusion method, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main disadvantage of this process is the adhesion of the microparticles to the inner walls of the spray-dryer.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A modification on this procedure called the double or multiple emulsion technique has become the favored protocol for encapsulating hydrophilic compounds and proteins [37].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.2. Nanoparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Mao, 2007, Effect of WOW process parameters on morphology and burst release of FITC-dextran loaded PLGA microspheres, Int. J. Pharm. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It is soluble in wide range of common solvents including chlorinated solvents, tetrahydofuran, acetone or ethyl acetate [7,10].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Uhrich, 1999, Polymeric systems for controlled drug release, Chem. Rev. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Wu, 2001, Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation, and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid polymers. Part II: Biodegradation, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, microfluidic devices can incorporate the use of electrostatic forces to control the size and shape of particles for increased tuning of release characteristics [53].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Loscertales, 2002, Micro/Nano encapsulation via electrified coaxial liquid jets, Science source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nanoparticles can also be synthesized by nanoprecipitation methods. Polymer and drug are dissolved in acetone and added to an aqueous solution containing Pluronic F68. The acetone is evaporated at appropriate temperatures and reduced pressures leaving behind the polymer encapsulated nanoparticles with drug [54].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.2. Nanoparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Hans, 2002, Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drug delivery of peptides and proteins may also require parenteral formulations to avoid degradation in the digestive tract and first pass metabolism, while the short circulating half-lives of peptides and proteins contribute to the need for parenteral formulations that will reduce dosing frequency.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presence of methyl side groups in PLA makes it more hydrophobic than PGA and hence lactide rich PLGA copolymers are less hydrophilic, absorb less water and subsequently degrade more slowly.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, spray drying is very rapid, convenient and has very few processing parameters, making it suitable for industrial scalable processing.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The copolymer is usually a free flowing solution at low temperature and can form a high viscosity gel at body temperature.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mechanical strength, swelling behavior, capacity to undergo hydrolysis and subsequently biodegradation rate of the polymer are directly influenced by the degree of crystallinity of the PLGA, which is further dependent on the type and molar ratio of the individual monomer components in the copolymer chain.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emulsion techniques require precise control of processing parameters for higher encapsulation efficiency, and phase separation techniques tend to produce agglomerated particles and also require removal of large quantities of the organic phase from the microspheres. This makes the process difficult for mass production.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Degree of crystallinity and melting point of the polymers are directly related to the molecular weight of the polymer.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Biocompatibility is clearly important, although it is important to note that biocompatibility is not an intrinsic property of a material, but depends on the biological environment and the tolerability that exists with respect to specific drug-polymer-tissue interactions [9].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Anderson, 1997, Biodegradation and biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Recently, coaxial capillary flows have become a preferable technique to produce monodispersed micro/nanoparticles with either simple or core-shell structure because of their precise control on mean particle size [50,51].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Barrero, 2007, Micro- and nanoparticles via capillary flows, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Freitas, 2005, Microencapsulation by solvent extraction/evaporation: Reviewing the state of the art of microsphere preparation process technology, J. Control. Release source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drugs formulated in such polymeric devices are released either by diffusion through the polymer barrier, or by erosion of the polymer material, or by a combination of both diffusion and erosion mechanisms.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a rule, higher content of PGA leads to quicker rates of degradation with an exception of 50:50 ratio of PLA/PGA, which exhibits the fastest degradation, with higher PGA content leading to increased degradation interval below 50%.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The degradation of the PLGA carriers is quick on the initial stage (around 30%) and slows eventually to be cleared by respiration in the lung [16].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Bazile, 1992, Body distribution of fully biodegradable [14C]-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles coated with albumin after parenteral administration to rats, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This method is known to encapsulate all kinds of drugs/peptides/proteins into microparticles without significant loss in their biological activity.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crystalline PGA, when co-polymerized with PLA, reduces the degree of crystallinity of PLGA and as a result increase the rate of hydration and hydrolysis.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triblock copolymers of both ABA and BAB type can act as a thermogel with an A-block covalently coupled with a B-block via ester link.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Tg (glass transition temperature) of the PLGA copolymers are reported to be above the physiological temperature of 37 °C and hence are glassy in nature, thus exhibiting fairly rigid chain structure.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nature of solvent used, temperature of the solvent evaporation and feed rate affects the morphology of the microspheres.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Water-in-oil-in-water emulsion methods are best suited to encapsulate water-soluble drugs like peptides, proteins, and vaccines, unlike single emulsion methods which is ideal for water-insoluble drugs like steroids.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.1. Microparticle Preparation Techniques
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This layer of PEG acts as a barrier and reduces the interactions with foreign molecules by steric and hydrated repulsion, giving enhanced shelf stability [22].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.2. Copolymers of PLGA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Tobio, 1998, Stealth PLA-PEG nanoparticles as protein carriers for nasal administration, Pharm. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The role of enzymes in any PLGA biodegradation is unclear. Most literature indicate that the PLGA biodegradation does not involve any enzymatic activity and is purely through hydrolysis. However, some investigators have suggested an enzymatic role in PLGA breakdown based upon the difference in the in vitro and in vivo degradation rates.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.1. Biphasic Release
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Alexis, 2005, Factors affecting the degradation and drug-release mechanism of poly (lactic acid) and poly [(lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)], Polym. Int. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Denatured species are therapeutically inactive and can cause unpredictable side effects, such as immunogenicity or other toxicity.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Widmer, 1998, Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the moment, there are conflicting reports on the effect of crystallinity on the degradation rate [80].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Alexis, 2005, Factors affecting the degradation and drug-release mechanism of poly (lactic acid) and poly [(lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)], Polym. Int. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The PLGA polymer biodegrades into lactic and glycolic acids. Lactic acid enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is metabolized and subsequently eliminated from the body as carbon dioxide and water [75]. Glycolic acid is either excreted unchanged in the kidney or it enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is eventually eliminated as carbon dioxide and water.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.1. Biphasic Release
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Crotts, 1998, Protein delivery from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) biodegradable microspheres: Release kinetics and stability issues, J. Microencapsul. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“After such pressurization and rapid depressurization sequence, the thermodynamic instability of CO2 molecules leads to their clustering inside the liquid polymer. As CO2 leaves, the emulsion results in a porous polymer structure [66,67].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.4. Miscellaneous Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Koushik, 2004, Preparation of large porous Deslorelin-PLGA microparticles with reduced residual solvent and cellular uptake using a supercritical carbon dioxide process, Pharm. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Davies, 2008, Applications of supercritical CO2 in the fabrication of polymer systems for drug delivery and tissue engineering, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PLGA 50:50 (PLA/PGA) exhibited a faster degradation than PLGA 65:35 due to preferential degradation of glycolic acid proportion assigned by higher hydrophilicity. Subsequently PLGA 65:35 shows faster degradation than PLGA 75:25 and PLGA 75:25 than PLGA 85:15 [79].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Park, 1995, Degradation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres: Effect of copolymer composition, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Third, solvent-casting and compression molding are not continuous processes, which may increase batch-to-batch variation in the composition of implants as well as cost of manufacturing [60].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 3. Fabrication Techniques for PLGA Carriers > 3.3. Implant Preparation Techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Widmer, 1998, Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration, Biomaterials source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The ratio of surface area to volume has shown to be a significant factor for degradation of large devices. Higher surface area ratio leads to higher degradation of the matrix.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Schliecker, 2003, Hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) films: Effect of oligomers on degradation rate and crystallinity, Int. J. Pharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Witt, 2001, Morphological characterization of microspheres, films and implants prepared from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and ABA triblock copolymers: Is the erosion controlled by degradation, swelling or diffusion?, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Grizzi, 1995, Hydrolytic degradation of devices based on poly(DL-lactic acid) size-dependence, Biomaterials source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the PLGA degradation and the drug release rate can be accelerated by greater hydrophilicity, increase in chemical interactions among the hydrolytic groups, less crystallinity and larger volume to surface ratio of the device.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first stage of drug release is through random scission of the polymer without any polymer weight loss and is mainly through diffusion, while the second stage is characterized by the onset of weight loss.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.4. Modeling of PLGA Drug Release Profiles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Berchane, 2007, Effect of mean diameter and polydispersity of PLG microspheres on drug release: Experiment and theory, Int. J. Pharm. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies suggest that nanoparticles of any material may create specific biodistribution and toxicological profiles [95].”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.3. Toxicology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] Olivier, 1999, Indirect evidence that drug brain targeting using polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles is related to toxicity, Pharm. Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, multiple studies demonstrate that PLGA can easily be formulated into the drug carrying devices at all scales, i.e., as nanospheres, as microspheres and even as millimeter sized implants, can encapsulate a wide range of drugs, peptides or proteins and can be delivered over different periods of time with diverse routes of delivery.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
A pulsated drug release profile is sometimes preferred over continuous drug presence because continuous presence may lead to receptor downregulation or tolerance development.
“A pulsated drug release profile is sometimes preferred over the continuous presence of the drug, which may lead to downregulation of receptors or the development of tolerance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Large macroscopic formulations act as a drug reservoir that can be delivered over a longer interval.
“Large size, macroscopic formulations act as a reservoir for drug that can be delivered over a longer interval.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All microparticle preparation techniques described earlier can be employed for manufacturing PLGA nanoparticles by adjusting processing parameters.
“All the above described microparticle techniques can be employed for manufacturing PLGA nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules) by adjusting the processing parameters.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It allows for adjustable degradation rates and hydrophilicity by changing the PGA:PLA ratio, where higher PLA concentrations increase hydrophobicity, degradation time, and consequently incorporated drug release.[ 201 ]”
From Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell–Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes (2024) · cites this paper as [201]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Examples of polyesters for solubilizing hydrophobic drugs are PCL, PDLLA and PLGA [106–108].”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [106]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“and the material mineralization can be expedited in the presence of immobilized growth factors [91–95].”
From Polydopamine-Assisted Surface Modification for Bone Biosubstitutes (2016) · cites this paper as [91]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Upon immobilization of BMP, the property of osteoblast cells responsive to polymeric materials can be remarkably improved”
From Polydopamine-Assisted Surface Modification for Bone Biosubstitutes (2016) · cites this paper as [91]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Drug release occurs via bulk degradation of the polymer and drug diffusion 12 and can be modified by altering the hydrophobicity of the monomer, polymer chain length and particle size 13 .”
From Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
“In general, the PLGA degradation and the drug release rate can be accelerated by greater hydrophilicity, increase in chemical interactions among the hydrolytic groups, less crystallinity and larger volume to surface ratio of the device.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
“The ratio of surface area to volume has shown to be a significant factor for degradation of large devices. Higher surface area ratio leads to higher degradation of the matrix.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
“The physicochemical properties of optically active PDLA and PLLA are nearly the same.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 2. Biodegradable Polymers > 2.1. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
“In general, the polymer PLA can be made in highly crystalline form (PLLA) or completely amorphous (PDLA) due to disordered polymer chains.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.2. Factors Affecting Degradation
“Higher surface area ratio leads to higher degradation of the matrix.”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
“In general, the PLGA degradation and the drug release rate can be accelerated by greater hydrophilicity, increase in chemical interactions among the hydrolytic groups, less crystallinity and larger volume to surface ratio of the device.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.4. Modeling of PLGA Drug Release Profiles
“The above equation is solved using the following boundary conditions of concentration profile (2) and initial condition (3).”
§ Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier > 4. Drug Release Behavior > 4.4. Modeling of PLGA Drug Release Profiles
“(2)∂C(r,t)∂r|r=0,t=0=0 (3)C(r,t)|r=R,t>0=0 where R is the radius of the particle (if spherical).”
Citations
Cites
Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials
Nair, L. S., & Laurencin, C. T. (2007) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017 · Cited by 4,416 · cited 1×
“The basic category of biomaterials used in drug delivery can be broadly classified as (1) synthetic biodegradable polymers, which includes relatively hydrophobic materials such as the α-hydroxy acids (a family that includes poly lactic-coglycolic acid, PLGA), polyanhydrides, and others, and (2) naturally occurring pol…”
BackgroundPolymeric systems for controlled drug release
Uhrich, K. E., Cannizzaro, S. M., Langer, R. S., & Shakesheff, K. M. (1999) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr940351u · Cited by 2,633 · cited 1×
“It is soluble in wide range of common solvents including chlorinated solvents, tetrahydofuran, acetone or ethyl acetate [7,10].”
BackgroundBiodegradation and biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres
Anderson, J. M., & Shive, M. S. (1997) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00048-3 · Cited by 2,617 · cited 2×
“This section describes various fabrication techniques of PLGA controlled drug delivery devices [9].”
BackgroundMethodJain, R. A. (2000) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00115-0 · Cited by 2,214
Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting
Hans, M. L., & Lowman, A. M. (2002) · Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science · doi:10.1016/s1359-0286(02)00117-1 · Cited by 1,324
Formulation of functionalized PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles for in vivo targeted drug delivery
Cheng, J., Teply, B. A., Sherifi, I., Sung, J., Luther, G., Gu, F. X., Levy-Nissenbaum, E., Radovic-Moreno, A. F., Langer, R., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.09.047 · Cited by 1,273 · cited 5×
“PLGA/PEG block copolymers have been processed as diblock (PLGA-PEG) [18,19] or triblock molecules with both ABA (PLGAPEG-PLGA) [20] and BAB (PEG-PLGA-PEG) [21] types.”
BackgroundInfluentialMundargi, R. C., Babu, V. R., Rangaswamy, V., Patel, P., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2008) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.09.013 · Cited by 1,025 · cited 1×
“Additionally, it is possible to tune the overall physical properties of the polymer-drug matrix by controlling the relevant parameters such as polymer molecular weight, ratio of lactide to glycolide and drug concentration to achieve a desired dosage and release interval depending upon the drug type [4–6].”
BackgroundMicro/Nano encapsulation via electrified coaxial liquid jets
Loscertales, I. G., Barrero, A., Guerrero, I., Cortijo, R., Marquez, M., & Gañán-Calvo, A. M. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067595 · Cited by 1,017 · cited 1×
“Additionally, microfluidic devices can incorporate the use of electrostatic forces to control the size and shape of particles for increased tuning of release characteristics [53].”
Dhar, S., Gu, F., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O. C., & Lippard, S. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809154105 · Cited by 994 · cited 1×
“Various mechanisms of targeted delivery of drugs from diblock nanoparticles have also been reported [18,23,24].”
BackgroundFreitas, S., Merkle, H. P., & Gander, B. (2005) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.10.015 · Cited by 923 · cited 1×
“Recently, coaxial capillary flows have become a preferable technique to produce monodispersed micro/nanoparticles with either simple or core-shell structure because of their precise control on mean particle size [50,51].”
Method
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kamaly, N., Yameen, B., Wu, J., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2016) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00346 · Cited by 3,070
Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy
Sun, T., Zhang, Y. S., Pang, B., Hyun, D. C., Yang, M., & Xia, Y. (2014) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201403036 · Cited by 2,164
An Overview of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid (PLGA)-Based Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering
Gentile, P., Chiono, V., Carmagnola, I., & Hatton, P. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms15033640 · Cited by 1,593
“Unlike pure polylactic and polyglycolic acid show poor solubilities, PLGA can be dissolved by a wide range of common solvents, including chlorinated solvents, tetrahydrofuran, acetone or ethyl acetate [28] and it can be processed into any shape and size, and can encapsulate biomolecules of any size.”
BackgroundPlastics of the Future? The Impact of Biodegradable Polymers on the Environment and on Society
Haider, T. P., Völker, C., Kramm, J., Landfester, K., & Wurm, F. R. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201805766 · Cited by 1,658
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Beach, M. A., Nayanathara, U., Gao, Y., Zhang, C., Xiong, Y., Wang, Y., & Such, G. K. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00705 · Cited by 1,279
The Current State of Peptide Drug Discovery: Back to the Future?
Henninot, A., Collins, J. C., & Nuss, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00318 · Cited by 1,150
Therapeutic strategies for enhancing angiogenesis in wound healing
Veith, A. P., Henderson, K., Spencer, A., Sligar, A. D., & Baker, A. B. (2018) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.010 · Cited by 1,047
“During degradation, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds hydrolyze into lactic and glycolic acids [124].”
BackgroundPLA composites: From production to properties
Murariu, M., & Dúbois, P. (2016) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.003 · Cited by 1,053
Larrañeta, E., Lutton, R. E. M., Woolfson, A. D., & Donnelly, R. F. (2016) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2016.03.001 · Cited by 967
Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms
Zhao, T., Cai, Y., Jiang, Y., He, X., Wei, Y., Yu, Y., & Tian, X. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01557-7 · Cited by 1,020
“Therefore, we believe that a PLGA-based vaccine delivery system will be approved for human use in the near future.(285,286)”
BackgroundPeng, X., Dong, K., Ye, C., Jiang, Y., Zhai, S., Cheng, R., Liu, D., Gao, X., Wang, J., & Wang, Z. L. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba9624 · Cited by 897
“S28) ( 40 , 44 ).”
Drug delivery systems and materials for wound healing applications
Saghazadeh, S., Rinoldi, C., Schot, M., Kashaf, S. S., Sharifi, F., Jalilian, E., Nuutila, K., Giatsidis, G., Mostafalu, P., Derakhshandeh, H., et al. (2018) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.008 · Cited by 888
Arias, L. S., Pessan, J. P., Vieira, A. P. M., de Lima, T. M. T., Delbem, A. C. B., & Monteiro, D. R. (2018) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics7020046 · Cited by 749
“degrade more slowly, since it absorbs less water [74].”
BackgroundInfluentialHwang, D., Ramsey, J. D., & Kabanov, A. V. (2020) · Advanced drug delivery reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.009 · Cited by 699
Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles Based on Dyes: Seeking Brighter Tools for Bioimaging
Reisch, A., & Klymchenko, A. S. (2016) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201503396 · Cited by 634
Nanotechnologies in Food Science: Applications, Recent Trends, and Future Perspectives
Nile, S. H., Venkidasamy, B., Selvaraj, D., Nile, A. S., Xiao, J., & Kai, G. (2020) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-020-0383-9 · Cited by 669
Elmowafy, E. M., Tiboni, M., & Soliman, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40005-019-00439-x · Cited by 642
Recent applications of PLGA based nanostructures in drug delivery
Mir, M., Ahmed, N., & Rehman, A. U. (2017) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.038 · Cited by 642
PLGA: a Unique Polymer for Drug Delivery
Kapoor, D. N., Bhatia, A., Kaur, R., Sharma, R., Kaur, G., & Dhawan, S. (2015) · Therapeutic Delivery · doi:10.4155/tde.14.91 · Cited by 631
Tissue–electronics interfaces: from implantable devices to engineered tissues
Feiner, R., & Dvir, T. (2017) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.76 · Cited by 595
Biocompatibility and safety of PLA and its copolymers.
Ramot, Y., Haim-Zada, M., Domb, A., & Nyska, A. (2016) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.012 · Cited by 525
Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications
Liu, G., David, B. T., Trawczynski, M., & Fessler, R. G. (2019) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-019-09935-x · Cited by 557
Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases
Kirtane, A. R., Verma, M., Karandikar, P., Furin, J., Langer, R., & Traverso, G. (2021) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-021-00866-8 · Cited by 520
Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polyesters
Manavitehrani, I., Fathi, A., Badr, H., Daly, S. R., Shirazi, A. N., & Dehghani, F. (2016) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym8010020 · Cited by 515
“Polyesters are also used commercially in controlled drug delivery vehicles [6,7].”
BackgroundDesign of therapeutic biomaterials to control inflammation
Tu, Z., Zhong, Y., Hu, H., Shao, D., Haag, R., Schirner, M., Lee, J., Sullenger, B. A., & Leong, K. W. (2022) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-022-00426-z · Cited by 533
Rapidly separable microneedle patch for the sustained release of a contraceptive
Li, W., Terry, R. N., Tang, J., Feng, M. R., Schwendeman, S. P., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2019) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0337-4 · Cited by 496
Poly (lactic acid)-based biomaterials for orthopaedic regenerative engineering
Narayanan, G., Vernekar, V. N., Kuyinu, E. L., & Laurencin, C. T. (2016) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.015 · Cited by 484
Targeted therapy using nanotechnology: focus on cancer
Sechi, M., Sanna, V., & Pala, N. (2014) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s36654 · Cited by 509
“55–58 The way forward for the clinical translation of controlled-release polymeric nanoparticles was paved by the seminal work of Langer and Folkman in 1976, which demonstrated the controlled release of macromolecules from biodegradable polymers in a temporal manner.”
Hydrolytic Degradation and Erosion of Polyester Biomaterials
Woodard, L. N., & Grunlan, M. A. (2018) · ACS Macro Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00424 · Cited by 494
Calzoni, E., Cesaretti, A., Polchi, A., Michele, A. D., Tancini, B., & Emiliani, C. (2019) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb10010004 · Cited by 468
“Depending on the nozzle size, flow rate, and solution viscosity, the properties of polymer NPs can be controlled [7,13].”
BackgroundInfluentialPhotothermal Therapy Promotes Tumor Infiltration and Antitumor Activity of CAR T Cells
Chen, Q., Hu, Q., Dukhovlinova, E., Chen, G., Ahn, S., Wang, C., Ogunnaike, E. A., Ligler, F. S., Dotti, G., & Gu, Z. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201900192 · Cited by 470
The Design of Scaffolds for Use in Tissue Engineering
Qomi, T., Kalhor, N., & Fazaeli, H. (2014) · Cited by 443
High‐Performance Biodegradable/Transient Electronics on Biodegradable Polymers
Hwang, S., Song, J., Huang, X. L., Cheng, H., Kang, S., Kim, B. H., Kim, J., Yu, S., Huang, Y. Y., & Rogers, J. A. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201306050 · Cited by 437
Microfluidic formulation of nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Shepherd, S. J., Issadore, D., & Mitchell, M. J. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120826 · Cited by 465
“To produce polymeric NPs that encapsulate hydrophilic compounds or proteins, a water-soluble compound is added to an organic solvent with polymer to produce a water-in-oil emulsion, which is added to another aqueous solution with surfactant to produce a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion [117].”
BackgroundMethodXu, Y., Kim, C. S., Saylor, D. M., & Koo, D. (2016) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33648 · Cited by 434
“It is generally accepted that the drug release rates decrease with increasing Tg of the matrix polymers.(1) For example, Frank et al.”
BackgroundDevelopment of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Blood–Brain Barrier Transfer—Strategies and Challenges
Zhang, W., Mehta, A., Tong, Z., Esser, L., & Voelcker, N. H. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202003937 · Cited by 430
Sustainable polymers from biomass: Bridging chemistry with materials and processing
Wang, Z., Ganewatta, M. S., & Tang, C. (2019) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101197 · Cited by 432
Latest Progress in Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Healing Applications
Memić, A., Abdullah, T., Mohammed, H. S., Navare, K. J., Colombani, T., & Bencherif, S. A. (2019) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.8b00637 · Cited by 420
Progress in brain targeting drug delivery system by nasal route
Khan, A. R., Liu, M., Khan, M. W., & Zhai, G. (2017) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.001 · Cited by 402
“Most of the research over last several years was focused on polymeric NPs based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (D.L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly (glycolic acid) (PGA) for brain targeted delivery [85].”
BackgroundPoly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid-Controlled-Release Systems: Experimental and Modeling Insights
Hines, D. J., & Kaplan, D. L. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems · doi:10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2013006475 · Cited by 399
Phenomenology of the Initial Burst Release of Drugs from PLGA Microparticles
Yoo, J. H., & Won, Y. (2020) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01228 · Cited by 392
Stewart, S. A., Domínguez‐Robles, J., Donnelly, R. F., & Larrañeta, E. (2018) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym10121379 · Cited by 404
“It is possible to modify the physical properties of the polymer by altering the polymer molecular weight and ratio of lactide to glycolide [40].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRecent advances of PLGA micro/nanoparticles for the delivery of biomacromolecular therapeutics
Ding, D., & Zhu, Q. (2018) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.12.036 · Cited by 394
“of bulk diffusion, surface diffusion, bulk erosion and surface erosion [27].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZero-order drug delivery: State of the art and future prospects
Laracuente, M., Yu, M. H., & McHugh, K. J. (2020) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.020 · Cited by 413
“Increasing particle size [60–62], lactic acid copolymer content [63–67], and molecular weight [65,68–71] have generally been shown to slow the rate of drug release, though not necessarily alter the profile from first-order kinetics.”
BackgroundPoly(butylene succinate)-based polyesters for biomedical applications: A review
Gigli, M., Fabbri, M., Lotti, N., Gamberini, R., Rimini, B., & Munari, A. (2016) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.016 · Cited by 389
Naturally and synthetic smart composite biomaterials for tissue regeneration
Pérez, R. A., Won, J., Knowles, J. C., & Kim, H. (2012) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.009 · Cited by 391
Zhou, H., Liang, B., Jiang, H., Deng, Z., & Yu, K. (2021) · Journal of Magnesium and Alloys · doi:10.1016/j.jma.2021.03.004 · Cited by 390
Functionalizing PLGA and PLGA Derivatives for Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration Applications
Martins, C., Sousa, F., Araújo, F., & Sarmento, B. F. C. C. (2017) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201701035 · Cited by 366
Fully implantable and bioresorbable cardiac pacemakers without leads or batteries
Choi, Y. S., Yin, R. T., Pfenniger, A., Koo, J., Avila, R. O., Lee, K. B., Chen, S. W., Lee, G., Li, G., Qiao, Y., et al. (2021) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-021-00948-x · Cited by 375
Palanikumar, L., Al-Hosani, S., Kalmouni, M., Nguyen, V. P., Ali, L., Pasricha, R., Barrera, F. N., & Magzoub, M. M. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0817-4 · Cited by 371
Han, F. Y., Thurecht, K. J., Whittaker, A. K., & Smith, M. T. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00185 · Cited by 375
“These properties not only affect the ability of the biopolymer to be formulated but also influence its degradation rate (Table 1; Makadia and Siegel, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPolymer functionalized nanocomposites for metals removal from water and wastewater: An overview
Lofrano, G., Carotenuto, M., Libralato, G., Domingos, R. F., Markus, A., Dini, L., Gautam, R. K., Baldantoni, D., Rossi, M., Sharma, S. K., et al. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.033 · Cited by 350
“PLA (Jamshidian et al., 2010) and PLGA (Makadia and Siegel, 2011) are well known as non-toxic biodegradable materials (Danhier et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialRai, R., Alwani, S., & Badea, I. (2019) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym11040745 · Cited by 350
“For example, PLGA degrades via the hydrolysis of its ester linkages in the presence of water, generating lactic acid and glycolic acid, both being natural metabolites in the body [17].”
BackgroundPLGA-Based Composites for Various Biomedical Applications
Rocha, C. V., Gonçalves, V., da Silva, M. C., Bañobre‐López, M., & Gallo, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042034 · Cited by 379
“PLGA is widely used in nanomedicine due to its biocompatibility and effective biodegradability, which occurs through the hydrolysis of the ester bonds of lactate and glycolate [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialVirus‐like particles: Next‐generation nanoparticles for targeted therapeutic delivery
Rohovie, M. J., Nagasawa, M., & Swartz, J. R. (2016) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.10049 · Cited by 341
PLGA-based nanoparticles: A new paradigm in biomedical applications
Sharma, S., Parmar, A., Kori, S., & Sandhir, R. (2015) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2015.06.014 · Cited by 350
Lee, B. K., Yun, Y., & Park, K. (2016) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.020 · Cited by 357
“7 There are several techniques useful for the preparation of PLA-based micro and nanoparticles [21-28].”
Alavarse, A. C., Silva, F. W. D. O., Colque, J. T., da Silva, V. M., Prieto, T., Venâncio, E. C., & Bonvent, J. (2017) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.199 · Cited by 347
Biomaterials approaches to treating implant-associated osteomyelitis
Inzana, J. A., Schwarz, E. M., Kates, S. L., & Awad, H. A. (2015) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.012 · Cited by 342
Review of hybrid PLGA nanoparticles: Future of smart drug delivery and theranostics medicine
Ghițman, J., Bîru, E. I., Stan, R., & Iovu, H. (2020) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108805 · Cited by 336
A Review on Nano-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy
Mu, W., Chu, Q., Liu, Y., & Zhang, N. (2020) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-020-00482-6 · Cited by 336
Customizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles for biomedical applications
Swider, E., Koshkina, O., Tel, J., Cruz, L. J., de Vries, I. J. M., & Srinivas, M. (2018) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.006 · Cited by 330
“There are three primary mechanisms by which active agents can be released from a delivery system: diffusion, degradation, and swelling followed by diffusion [15].”
BackgroundInfluentialPolymer-Based Nanomaterials and Applications for Vaccines and Drugs
Han, J., Zhao, D., Li, D., Wang, X., Jin, Z., & Zhao, K. (2018) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym10010031 · Cited by 327
Recent advances in biodegradable polymers – Properties, applications and future prospects
Mukherjee, C., Varghese, D., Krishna, J. S., Boominathan, T., Rakeshkumar, R., Dineshkumar, S., Rao, C. V. S. B., & Sivaramakrishna, A. (2023) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112068 · Cited by 341
Advances in Biomaterials and Technologies for Vascular Embolization
Hu, J., Albadawi, H., Chong, B. W., Deipolyi, A. R., Sheth, R. A., Khademhosseini, A., & Öklü, R. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201901071 · Cited by 328
Okeke, E. S., Chukwudozie, K. I., Nyaruaba, R., Ita, R. E., Oladipo, A., Ejeromedoghene, O., Atakpa, E. O., Agu, C. V., & Okoye, C. O. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22319-y · Cited by 343
“As a result, numerous studies on the viability of employing PLGA as a drug carrier have been done (Makadia and Siegel 2011).”
BackgroundSystemic Review of Biodegradable Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine
Su, S., & Kang, P. M. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10040656 · Cited by 330
“The degradation rate of PLGA can be changed by adjusting the ratio of PLA:PGA and their molecular weights in order to control the release of incorporated drugs [31,32].”
BackgroundInfluentialBiomaterials for Nanoparticle Vaccine Delivery Systems
Sahdev, P., Ochyl, L. J., & Moon, J. J. (2014) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-014-1419-y · Cited by 308
Progress and Promise of Nitric Oxide‐Releasing Platforms
Yang, T., Zelikin, A. N., & Chandrawati, R. (2018) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201701043 · Cited by 311
Biodegradable polymers and constructs: A novel approach in drug delivery
Prajapati, S. K., Jain, A., Jain, A., & Jain, S. (2019) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.018 · Cited by 308
PLGA-based nanomedicines manufacturing: Technologies overview and challenges in industrial scale-up
Operti, M. C., Bernhardt, A., Grimm, S., Engel, A., Figdor, C. G., & Tagit, O. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120807 · Cited by 302
Rekindling RNAi Therapy: Materials Design Requirements for In Vivo siRNA Delivery
Kim, B., Park, J., & Sailor, M. J. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201903637 · Cited by 307
De, R., Mahata, M. K., & Kim, K. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202105373 · Cited by 316
Nano-palladium is a cellular catalyst for in vivo chemistry
Miller, M. A., Askevold, B., Mikula, H., Köhler, R. H., Pirovich, D. B., & Weissleder, R. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15906 · Cited by 293
Control of Scaffold Degradation in Tissue Engineering: A Review
Zhang, H., Zhou, L., & Zhang, W. (2014) · Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0452 · Cited by 293
“21 This water-induced hydrolysis occurs in most scaffold degradation process.”
Ramazani, F., Chen, W., van Nostrum, C. F., Storm, G., Kiessling, F. M., Lammers, T., Hennink, W. E., & Kok, R. J. (2016) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.020 · Cited by 289
Alsaab, H. O., Alharbi, F., Al-Hibs, A. S., Alanazi, N. B., Alshehri, B. Y., Saleh, M. A., Alshehri, F. S., Algarni, M. A., Almugaiteeb, T., Uddin, M. N., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14122728 · Cited by 304
“As shown in Figure 1, due to the presence of ester linkages that are degraded by hydrolysis in aqueous environments, it is controlled by polymer chemistry, such as glycoside unit content, initial molecular weight (MW) [30–32], stereochemistry (d and l composition) [1], or end-group functionalization [33].”
BackgroundRecent advances in the formulation of PLGA microparticles for controlled drug delivery
Lagreca, E., Onesto, V., Natale, C. D., Manna, S. L., Netti, P. A., & Vecchione, R. (2020) · Progress in Biomaterials · doi:10.1007/s40204-020-00139-y · Cited by 289
Sharma, S. K., Sudhakara, P., Singh, J., Ilyas, R. A., Asyraf, M. R. M., & Razman, M. R. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13162623 · Cited by 295
Therapeutic applications of AS1411 aptamer, an update review
Yazdian-Robati, R., Bayat, P., Oroojalian, F., Zargari, M., Ramezani, M., Taghdisi, S. M., & Abnous, K. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.118 · Cited by 288
“PLGA can be fabricated in different sizes, forms and has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [51].”
BackgroundCoaxial electrospun fibers: applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering
Lu, Y., Huang, J., Yu, G., Cardenas, R., Wei, S., Wujcik, E. K., & Guo, Z. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.1391 · Cited by 285
Micro- and nanoplastics – current state of knowledge with the focus on oral uptake and toxicity
Paul, M. B., Stock, V., Cara-Carmona, J., Lisicki, E., Shopova, S., Fessard, V., Braeuning, A., Sieg, H., & Böhmert, L. (2020) · Nanoscale Advances · doi:10.1039/d0na00539h · Cited by 292
Microfluidic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Liu, Y., Yang, G., Hui, Y., Ranaweera, S., & Zhao, C. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202106580 · Cited by 294
Bohrey, S., Chourasiya, V., & Pandey, A. (2016) · Nano Convergence · doi:10.1186/s40580-016-0061-2 · Cited by 284
Gainza, G., Villullas, S., Pedraz, J. L., Hernández, R. M., & Igartúa, M. (2015) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.002 · Cited by 280
Wang, S., Chen, Y., Li, X., Gao, W., Zhang, L., Liu, J., Zheng, Y., Chen, H., & Shi, J. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201503869 · Cited by 269
Microneedle array systems for long-acting drug delivery
Vora, L. K., Moffatt, K., Tekko, I. A., Paredes, A. J., Volpe‐Zanutto, F., Mishra, D., Peng, K., Thakur, R. R. S., & Donnelly, R. F. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.12.006 · Cited by 273
Micro and nanoscale technologies in oral drug delivery
Ahadian, S., Finbloom, J. A., Mofidfar, M., Diltemiz, S. E., Nasrollahi, F., Davoodi, E., Hosseini, V., Mylonaki, I., Sangabathuni, S., Montazerian, H., et al. (2020) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.012 · Cited by 280
Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
Sezer, A. D. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/57028 · Cited by 274
Fully Biodegradable Microsupercapacitor for Power Storage in Transient Electronics
Lee, G., Kang, S., Won, S. M., Gutruf, P., Jeong, Y. R., Koo, J., Lee, S., Rogers, J. A., & Ha, J. S. (2017) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201700157 · Cited by 271
Microfluidic-assisted fabrication of carriers for controlled drug delivery
Liu, D., Zhang, H., Fontana, F., Hirvonen, J. J., & Santos, H. A. (2017) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c7lc00242d · Cited by 261
Polymeric drug delivery systems by additive manufacturing
Borandeh, S., van Bochove, B., Teotia, A. K., & Seppälä, J. V. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.022 · Cited by 268
“PLGA is an aliphatic polyester that is formed through the copolymerization of lactic and glycolic acid monomers to yield different formulations depending on their copolymer composition [174].”
BackgroundCritical evaluation of biodegradable polymers used in nanodrugs
Caballero‐George, C., Marin, & Briceño (2013) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s47186 · Cited by 267
“This is a widely applied technique, 75–78 using the advantageous and exceptional thermodynamic, heat-transfer, and mass-transfer transport properties of supercritical fluids.”
Wo, Y., Brisbois, E. J., Bartlett, R. H., & Meyerhoff, M. E. (2016) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/c6bm00271d · Cited by 251
Lu, Y., Cheng, D., Niu, B., Wang, X., Wu, X., & Wang, A. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16030454 · Cited by 270
“Because of its outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties, PLGA has received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as well as the European Medicines Quality Agency (EMA) as a superior drug carrier [9,10].”
BackgroundPharmapolymers in the 21st century: Synthetic polymers in drug delivery applications
Englert, C., Brendel, J. C., Majdanski, T. C., Yildirim, T., Schubert, S., Gottschaldt, M., Windhab, N., & Schubert, U. S. (2018) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.005 · Cited by 254
Intra-articular targeting of nanomaterials for the treatment of osteoarthritis
Brown, S. B., Kumar, S., & Sharma, B. (2019) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.010 · Cited by 249
Long-acting reversible contraception by effervescent microneedle patch
Li, W., Tang, J. T., Terry, R. N., Li, S., Brunie, A., Callahan, R. L., Noel, R. K., Rodríguez, C. A., Schwendeman, S. P., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw8145 · Cited by 250
Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design
Lombardo, S. M., Schneider, M., Türeli, A. E., & Günday-Türeli, N. (2020) · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72 · Cited by 255
Heredia, N. S., Vizuete, K. S., Flores-Calero, M. J., Pazmiño-Viteri, K., Pilaquinga, F., Kumar, B., & Debut, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264825 · Cited by 260
“This is a biopolymer synthesized from the polymerization of polyglycolic acid (PGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) monomers [28].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Makadia, H. K., & Siegel, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Siegel, Steven J.
- Venue
- Polymers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-08-26
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1377-1397
- ISSN
- 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3347861
- OpenAlex
- W2087032263
- Semantic Scholar
- 3649c008437b4a4a59c67419af5d7fe7bf3594a7
- Cited by
- 4,816
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 490 · 2025: 477 · 2024: 387 · 2023: 394 · 2022: 419 · 2021: 406 · 2020: 435 · 2019: 412 · 2018: 373 · 2017: 305 · 2016: 266 · 2015: 212 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 46.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074672)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, controlled drug delivery, biodegradable polymers, biocompatibility, drug release, polymer degradation, tissue engineering, small molecule drugs, protein delivery, macromolecule delivery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
