Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking
Open accessAbstract
A simple external marker system and algorithms for computing lower extremity joint angle motion during level walking were developed and implemented on a computer‐aided video motion analysis system (VICON). The concept of embedded axes and Euler rotation angles was used to define the three‐dimensional joint angle motion based on a set of body surface markers. Gait analysis was peformed on 40 normal young adults three times on three different test days at least 1 Week apart using the marker system. Angular motion of the hip, knee, and ankle joints and of the pelvis were obtained throughout a gait cycle utilizing the three‐dimensional trajectories of markers. The effect of uncertainties in defining the embedded axis on joint angles was demonstrated using sensitivity analysis. The errors in the estimation of joint angle motion were quantified with respect to the degree of error in the construction of embedded axes. The limitations of the model and the marker system in evaluating pathologic gait are discussed. The relatively small number of body surface markers used in the system render it easy to implement for use in routine clinical gait evaluations. Additionally, data presented in this paper should be a useful reference for describing and comparing pathologic gait patterns.
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Sixteen reflective markers were attached according to the Plug-in-Gait Marker Placement.
“Sixteen reflective markers were attached on the lower limb of the subject according to the Plug-in-Gait Marker Placement 20 .”
From Motion Analysis of Normal Patellar Tendon Reflex (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
The MARKER SYSTEM AND EMBEDDED AXES section describes markers placed on the pelvis and lower limb, including thigh- and shank-wand markers. It does not identify the placement as Plug-in-Gait or specify sixteen markers, so those parts of the cited claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Kadaba, M. P., Ramakrishnan, H. K., & Wootten, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Helen Hayes Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kadaba, M. P.
- Venue
- Journal of Orthopaedic Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1990-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 383-392
- ISSN
- 0736-0266 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-527X
- OpenAlex
- W1976953979
- Cited by
- 3,216
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 166 · 2016: 161 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 191 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 140
- FWCI
- 5.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Orthopaedic Research® (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Orthopaedic Research Society
- National Institutes of Health (1r01am034886-01)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Gait Recognition and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- lower limb kinematics, level walking, gait analysis, hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint, pelvic movement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Algorithms, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Gait, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Leg, Male
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