Using Wearable Sensor Technology to Measure Motion Complexity in Infants at High Familial Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background: Motor dysfunction has been reported as one of the first signs of atypical development in infants at high familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (HR infants). However, studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the nature of motor dysfunction and whether it can be predictive of later ASD diagnosis. This is likely because current standardized motor assessments may not identify subtle and specific motor impairments that precede clinically observable motor dysfunction. Quantitative measures of motor development may address these limitations by providing objective evaluation of subtle motor differences in infancy. Methods: We used Opal wearable sensors to longitudinally evaluate full day motor activity in HR infants, and develop a measure of motion complexity. We focus on complexity of motion because optimal motion complexity is crucial to normal motor development and less complex behaviors might represent repetitive motor behaviors, a core diagnostic symptom of ASD. As proof of concept, the relationship of the motion complexity measure to developmental outcomes was examined in a small set of HR infants. Results: HR infants with a later diagnosis of ASD show lower motion complexity compared to those that do not. There is a stronger correlation between motion complexity and ASD outcome compared to outcomes of cognitive ability and adaptive skills. Conclusions: Objective measures of motor development are needed to identify characteristics of atypical infant motor function that are sensitive and specific markers of later ASD risk. Motion complexity could be used to track early infant motor development and to discriminate HR infants that go on to develop ASD.
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Alternative strategies for high-resolution analysis of an infant's motor development involve quantitative data from digital imaging systems or commercial wearable sensors packages, often also with electroencephalography or electromyography.
“Alternative strategies for high-resolution analysis of an infant’s motor development involve quantitative data from digital imaging systems or commercial wearable sensors packages (11–15), often also with electroencephalography (16) or electromyography (17).”
From Miniaturized wireless, skin-integrated sensor networks for quantifying full-body movement behaviors and vital signs in infants (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
Human movement information can be used to assess the quality of human health and to classify and identify people's daily activities.
“A number of studies have now revealed that human movement information can be used to assess the quality of human health and to classify and identify people’s daily activities.”
From Classification and Analysis of Human Body Movement Characteristics Associated with Acrophobia Induced by Virtual Reality Scenes of Heights (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Wilson, R. B., Vangala, S., Elashoff, D., Safari, T., & Smith, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilson, Rujuta B.
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-17
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 616
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7830886
- OpenAlex
- W3124460321
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Neurological Disease (5K12NS09482-03)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD087101-01, K23HD099275)
- UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute (UL1TR001881)
- SC CTSI (NIH/NCATS) (UL1TR001855)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, familial risk, infants, motion complexity, wearable sensors, motor development, motor impairment, repetitive motor behavior, developmental outcomes, adaptive skills, cognitive ability
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Wearable Electronic Devices, Cognition, Humans, Infant, Technology, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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