Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: Current state and perspectives
Abstract
Microalgae are a major natural source for a vast array of valuable compounds, including a diversity of pigments, for which these photosynthetic microorganisms represent an almost exclusive biological resource. Yellow, orange, and red carotenoids have an industrial use in food products and cosmetics as vitamin supplements and health food products and as feed additives for poultry, livestock, fish, and crustaceans. The growing worldwide market value of carotenoids is projected to reach over US$1,000 million by the end of the decade. The nutraceutical boom has also integrated carotenoids mainly on the claim of their proven antioxidant properties. Recently established benefits in human health open new uses for some carotenoids, especially lutein, an effective agent for the prevention and treatment of a variety of degenerative diseases. Consumers' demand for natural products favors development of pigments from biological sources, thus increasing opportunities for microalgae. The biotechnology of microalgae has gained considerable progress and relevance in recent decades, with carotenoid production representing one of its most successful domains. In this paper, we review the most relevant features of microalgal biotechnology related to the production of different carotenoids outdoors, with a main focus on beta-carotene from Dunaliella, astaxanthin from Haematococcus, and lutein from chlorophycean strains. We compare the current state of the corresponding production technologies, based on either open-pond systems or closed photobioreactors. The potential of scientific and technological advances for improvements in yield and reduction in production costs for carotenoids from microalgae is also discussed.
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All organisms that carry out photosynthesis contain carotenoids, but carotenoids are also present in some bacteria and fungi.
“All organisms that carry out photosynthesis contain carotenoids, which does not mean that they are exclusive compounds of these autotrophic organisms, since they are also present in some bacteria and fungi [146].”
From The Potential of Seaweeds as a Source of Functional Ingredients of Prebiotic and Antioxidant Value (2019) · cites this paper as [146]
The products from microalgae have been widely used as a high-protein supplement in human nutrition, aquaculture and nutraceutical purposes.
“However, the products from microalgae have been widely used as a high-protein supplement in human nutrition, aquaculture and nutraceutical purposes (Del-Campo et al., 2007).”
From Microalgae Metabolites: A Rich Source for Food and Medicine (2019) · cites this paper as Del-Campo et al., 2007
Commercial production of lutein from microalgae has not yet started, although the basis for outdoor cultivation of Muriellopsis sp. and Scenedesmus for pilot-scale lutein production has been set up.
“The commercial production of lutein from microalgae has not yet started, although the basis for outdoor cultivation of Muriellopsis sp. and Scenedesmus for the production of lutein at a pilot scale has already been set up (Del-Campo et al., 2007).”
From Microalgae Metabolites: A Rich Source for Food and Medicine (2019) · cites this paper as Del-Campo et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Del Campo, J. A., García-González, M., & Guerrero, M. G.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Guerrero, Miguel G.
- ORCID
- Guerrero, Miguel G.
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1163-1174
- ISSN
- 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0614
- OpenAlex
- W2061209815
- Cited by
- 739
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Keywords
- microalgae, carotenoid production, open-field cultivation, beta-carotene, Dunaliella, astaxanthin, Haematococcus, lutein, Chlorophyta, open pond systems, photobioreactors, nutraceuticals, antioxidant activity, feed additives, production cost reduction
- MeSH terms
- Chlorophyta, Carotenoids, Lutein, Bioreactors, beta Carotene, Xanthophylls
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