High Rates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Association with Conspiracy Beliefs: A Study in Jordan and Kuwait among Other Arab Countries
Open accessAbstract
Vaccination could be an effective strategy for slowing the spread of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy could pose a serious problem for COVID-19 prevention, due to the spread of misinformation surrounding the ongoing pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes towards the prospective COVID-19 vaccines among the general public in Jordan, Kuwait and other Arab countries. We also aimed to assess the association between COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and conspiracy beliefs. This study used an online survey distributed in December 2020, with items assessing conspiracies regarding COVID-19’s origin and vaccination. Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines were assessed using the Vaccine Conspiracy Belief Scale (VCBS), with higher scores indicating a greater belief in vaccine conspiracy. A total of 3414 respondents completed the survey, the majority being residents of Jordan (n = 2173, 63.6%), Kuwait (n = 771, 22.6%) and Saudi Arabia (n = 154, 4.5%). The acceptance rates for COVID-19 and influenza vaccines were 29.4% and 30.9%, respectively. Males, respondents with higher educational levels and those with histories of chronic disease had higher rates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Beliefs that COVID-19 vaccines are intended to inject microchips into recipients and that the vaccines are related to infertility were found in 27.7% and 23.4% of respondents, respectively. Higher VCBS scores were found among females, respondents with lower educational levels and respondents relying on social media platforms as the main source of information. The high rates of vaccine hesitancy in Jordan and Kuwait, among other Arab countries, are alarming. They could hinder the proper control of COVID-19 in the region. The harmful effect of COVID-19 misinformation and conspiracy beliefs was manifested in vaccine hesitancy. This may represent a massive obstacle to the successful control of the pandemic. A reliance on social media as the main source of information about COVID-19 vaccines was associated with vaccine hesitancy. This should alert governments, policy makers and the general public to the importance of vigilant fact checking.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A total of 31 studies (30 published papers plus one additional article on Jordan and Kuwait) met inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the final COVID-19 vaccine acceptance estimates.
“Results from 31 peer-reviewed published studies met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the final COVID-19 vaccine acceptance estimates.”
From COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884 · see citing works
Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A. M., Neuman, B. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z · Cited by 8,436 · see citing works
The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018 · Cited by 6,351 · see citing works
Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants
MacDonald, N. E. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036 · Cited by 5,573 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001 · Cited by 5,204 · see citing works
Voysey, M., Clemens, S. A. C., Madhi, S. A., Weckx, L. Y., Folegatti, P. M., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Baillie, V. L., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32661-1 · Cited by 4,616 · see citing works
Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., Pu, K., Chen, Z., Guo, Q., Ji, R., Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 · Cited by 4,206 · see citing works
A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine
Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., & El-Mohandes, A. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9 · Cited by 2,904 · see citing works
Dubé, È., Laberge, C., Guay, M., Bramadat, P. A., Roy, R., & Bettinger, J. A. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.24657 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates
Sallam, M. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020160 · Cited by 2,128 · see citing works
Self-citationVaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19
Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y · Cited by 1,717 · see citing works
Schmid, P., Rauber, D., Betsch, C., Lidolt, G., & Denker, M.-L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170550 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions
Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089177 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Attitudes Toward a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Fisher, K. A., Bloomstone, S. J., WALDER, J. R., Crawford, S. L., Fouayzi, H., & Mazor, K. M. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-3569 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
de Figueiredo, A., Simas, C., Karafillakis, E., Paterson, P., & Larson, H. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31558-0 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S.
Römer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future
Greenwood, B. M. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0433 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Social media and vaccine hesitancy
Wilson, S. L., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004206 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Wang, J., Jing, R., Lai, X., Zhang, H., Lyu, Y., Knoll, M. D., & Fang, H. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8030482 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report
Kaur, S. P., & Gupta, V. (2020) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
COVID-19 and the 5G Conspiracy Theory: Social Network Analysis of Twitter Data
Ahmed, W., Vidal‐Alaball, J., Downing, J., & Seguí, F. L. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/19458 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Morgantini, L. A., Naha, U., Wang, H., Francavilla, S., Acar, Ö., Flores, J. M., Crivellaro, S., Moreira, D., Abern, M. R., Eklund, M., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238217 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Saudi Arabia: A Web-Based National Survey
Padhi, B. K., & Al-Mohaithef, M. (2020) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s276771 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs, mistrust, and compliance with government guidelines in England
Freeman, D., Waite, F., Rosebrock, L., Petit, A., Causier, C., East, A., Jenner, L., Teale, A.-L., Carr, L., Mulhall, S., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001890 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Infection and mortality of healthcare workers worldwide from COVID-19: a systematic review
Bandyopadhyay, S., Baticulon, R. E., Kadhum, M., Alser, M., Ojuka, D. K., Badereddin, Y., Kamath, A., Parepalli, S. A., Brown, G., Iharchane, S., et al. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003097 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine in Southeast Asia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia
Harapan, H., Wagner, A. L., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Anwar, S., Gan, A. K., Setiawan, A. M., Rajamoorthy, Y., Sofyan, H., & Mudatsir, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00381 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States
Phadke, V. K., Bednarczyk, R. A., Salmon, D. A., & Omer, S. B. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1353 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Hodgson, S. H., Mansatta, K., Mallett, G., Harris, V., Emary, K. R. W., & Pollard, A. J. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30773-8 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Mapping vaccine hesitancy-country-specific characteristics of a global phenomenon
Dubé, E., Gagnon, D., Nickels, E., Jeram, S., & Schuster, M. (2014) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.039 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19
Sharma, O., Sultan, A. A., Ding, H., & Triggle, C. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Challenges in creating herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mass vaccination
Anderson, R. M., Vegvari, C., Truscott, J., & Collyer, B. S. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32318-7 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
A future vaccination campaign against COVID-19 at risk of vaccine hesitancy and politicisation
Peretti‐Watel, P., Seror, V., Cortaredona, S., Launay, O., Raude, J., Verger, P., Fressard, L., Beck, F., Legleye, S., L’Haridon, O., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30426-6 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Influences on Attitudes Regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States
Pogue, K., Jensen, J. L., Stancil, C. K., Ferguson, D. G., Hughes, S., Mello, E. J., Burgess, R., Berges, B. K., Quaye, A., & Poole, B. D. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040582 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Salmon, D. A., Dudley, M. Z., Glanz, J. M., & Omer, S. B. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.009 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Palamenghi, L., Barello, S., Boccia, S., & Graffigna, G. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00675-8 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Vaccine confidence in the time of COVID-19
Harrison, E. A., & Wu, J. W. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00634-3 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Medical Conspiracy Theories and Health Behaviors in the United States
Oliver, J. E., & Wood, T. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.190 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories?
Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M. I., Funchion, J., Everett, C., Wuchty, S., Premaratne, K., & Murthi, M. N. (2020) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-015 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Acceptance of a pandemic influenza vaccine: a systematic review of surveys of the general public
Wilson, K. R., Nguyen, Henningsen, H., Brehaut, & Hoe (2011) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s23174 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Salali, G. D., & Uysal, M. S. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004067 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Salmon, D. A., Dudley, M. Z., Glanz, J. M., & Omer, S. B. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.035 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Shahsavari, S., Holur, P., Wang, T., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-020-00086-5 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Measles Outbreaks in a Population with Declining Vaccine Uptake
Jansen, V. A. A., Stollenwerk, N., Jensen, H. J., Ramsay, M. E., Edmunds, W. J., & Rhodes, C. J. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1086726 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support
Earnshaw, V. A., Eaton, L. A., Kalichman, S. C., Brousseau, N. M., Hill, E. C., & Fox, A. B. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa090 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Bertin, P., Nera, K., & Delouvée, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation
Wang, J., Peng, Y., Xu, H., Cui, Z., & Williams, R. O. (2020) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-020-01744-7 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Khan, Y. H., Mallhi, T. H., Alotaibi, N. H., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0654 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories
Ball, P., & Maxmen, A. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01452-z · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Taylor, S. J., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Groenewoud, R., Rachor, G. S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575950 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccine: A recent update in pipeline vaccines, their design and development strategies
Rawat, K., Kumari, P., & Saha, L. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173751 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Billah, M. A., Miah, M. M., & Khan, M. N. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242128 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Yaseen, A. I. B., Al-Haidar, A., Ababneh, N. A., Bakri, F. G., & Mahafzah, A. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17144915 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Age-Old Struggle against the Antivaccinationists
Poland, G. A., & Jacobson, R. M. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1010594 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Validation of the vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale
Shapiro, G., Holding, A., Perez, S., Amsel, R., & Rosberger, Z. (2016) · Papillomavirus Research · doi:10.1016/j.pvr.2016.09.001 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Poliomyelitis outbreak in an unvaccinated community in the Netherlands, 1992-93
Oostvogel, P. M., van der Avoort, H. G. A. M., Mulders, M. N., van Loon, A. M., Spaendonck, M. A. E. C.-V., Rümke, H. C., van Steenis, G., & van Wijngaarden, J. K. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92091-5 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Herd Immunity and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Control
Omer, S. B., Yildirim, I. B., & Forman, H. P. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.20892 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Jahanshahi, A. A., Dinani, M. M., Madavani, A. N., Li, J., & Zhang, S. X. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.081 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Addressing vaccine hesitancy: Clinical guidance for primary care physicians working with parents.
Shen, S. C., & Dubey, V. (2019) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Morgantini, L. A., Naha, U., Heng, W., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.20101915 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Yaseen, A. I. B., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Eid, H., Ababneh, N. A., Bakri, F. G., & Mahafzah, A. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243264 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationGraffigna, G., Palamenghi, L., Boccia, S., & Barello, S. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040576 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Maurer, J., Uscher‐Pines, L., & Harris, K. M. (2010) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.05.008 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Acceptance of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza vaccination by the Australian public
Eastwood, K., Dürrheim, D. N., Jones, A. L., & Butler, M. T. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03399.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Hornsey, M. J., Lobera, J. A., & Díaz‐Catalán, C. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113019 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Mahase, E. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4471 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
A meta-synthesis study of the key elements involved in childhood vaccine hesitancy
Crescitelli, M. E. D., Ghirotto, L., Sisson, H., Sarli, L., Artioli, G., Bassi, M. C., Appicciutoli, G., & Hayter, M. (2019) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.10.027 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Hesitant or not? A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine
Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., & El-Mohandes, A. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.20180307 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The false promise of herd immunity for COVID-19
Aschwanden, C. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02948-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Bhopal, S., & Nielsen, M. J. (2020) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-318988 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Influenza Vaccination: Healthcare Workers Attitude in Three Middle East Countries
Abu‐Gharbieh, E., Fahmy, S., Rasool, B. K. A., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.7.319 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Bednarczyk, R. A., Chu, S., Sickler, H., et al. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.033 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The Big Pharma conspiracy theory
Blaskiewicz, R. (2013) · Medical Writing · doi:10.1179/2047480613z.000000000142 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Covid-19: Vaccine candidate may be more than 90% effective, interim results indicate
Mahase, E. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4347 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Vaccines against Coronaviruses: The State of the Art
Conte, C., Sogni, F., Affanni, P., Veronesi, L., Argentiero, A., & Esposito, S. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8020309 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of COVID-19
Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B., & Kronenberg, G. (2020) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01210-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Awaidy, S. T. A., Almayahi, Z. K., Kaddoura, M., et al. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040661 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
COVID vaccination logistics: five steps to take now
Teerawattananon, Y., & Dabak, S. V. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03134-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Is a COVID-19 Vaccine Likely to Make Things Worse?
Abo, S. M. C., & Smith, R. J. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040761 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Conversation with World Bank Group President David Malpass
Malpass, D. (2020) · The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank) · doi:10.1596/34949 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates
Sallam, M. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020160 · Cited by 2,128 · see citing works
Self-citationSallam, M., Salim, N. A., Al-Tammemi, A. B., Barakat, M., Fayyad, D., Hallit, S., Harapan, H., Hallit, R., & Mahafzah, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.35029 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationParthasarathi, A., Puvvada, R. K., Basappa, S., Krishna, M. T., & P A, M. (2022) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17517.1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Yaseen, A., Ababneh, N. A., Bakri, F. G., & Mahafzah, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Jordan (JO)
- Jordan University Hospital (JO)
- Corresponding author
- Sallam, Malik
- ORCID
- Venue
- Vaccines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42
- ISSN
- 2076-393X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7826844
- OpenAlex
- W3119065936
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 86.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, vaccine conspiracy beliefs, vaccine acceptance, COVID-19 misinformation, social media information sources, vaccine safety beliefs, Arab world, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
