Cited by 76Immunotherapy and Immune ResponsesCancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersCancer Research and Treatments

Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements, and Future Directions

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Tay, Ban Qi, Wright, Quentin, Ladwa, Rahul, Perry, Christopher, Leggatt, Graham, Simpson, Fiona, Wells, James W., Panizza, Benedict J. +2 more·2021·Vaccines

Abstract

The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.

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Crossref · 10.3390/vaccines9050535

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  • Previous studies have demonstrated that the use of BNT111 alone or in combination with PD-1 antibody can activate tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and elicit durable immune responses.

    “Previous studies have demonstrated that the use of BNT111 alone or in combination with PD-1 antibody can activate tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and elicit durable immune responses.345,350–352”

    From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [351]

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [64]Higano C. A phase III trial of GVAX immunotherapy for prostate cancer versus docetaxel plus prednisone in asymptomatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) Proceedings of the 2009 Genitourinary Cancer Symposium, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Orlando, FL, USA 26–28 February 2009
  2. [66]Small E. A phase III trial of GVAX immunotherapy for prostate cancer in combination with docetaxel versus docetaxel plus prednisone in symptomatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) Proceedings of the 2009 Genitourinary Cancer Symposium, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Orlando, FL, USA 26–28 February 2009

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Authors
Tay, B. Q., Wright, Q., Ladwa, R., Perry, C., Leggatt, G., Simpson, F., Wells, J. W., Panizza, B. J., Frazer, I. H., & Cruz, J. L. G.
Affiliations
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author
Cruz, Jazmina L. G.
Venue
Vaccines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-05-20
Volume
9
Issue
5
Pages
535
ISSN
2076-393X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3165800301
Cited by
76
References
234
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4
FWCI
1.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation (2019_CG_Gonzalez Cruz_Perry)
  • PA Research Foundation (Panizza_Cruz_2021)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (Investigator grant_Frazer_2020)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Cancer Research and Treatments
Keywords
cancer vaccines, tumor antigens, vaccine delivery, dendritic cell vaccine, nanoliposomes, tumor immune evasion, antitumor immunity, combination immunotherapy

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