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Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives
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In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture).
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“Empirical studies have shown that greater resilience serves as a protective mechanism against trauma-related disorders (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Such differences in measurement and conceptualization can generate variation in observed effect sizes even when the underlying constructs are theoretically related (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Resilience can be context-dependent, such that its definition varies in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures (Southwick et al., 2014).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Southwick et al., 2014
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“Resilience has been identified as an important factor that enables individuals adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma [17,20].”
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“Finally, many leading resilience researchers not only acknowledge that internal factors and external factors facilitate resilience, but also emphasize the importance of interaction between the child and their environment (Ioannidis et al., 2020; Kalisch et al., 2017; Masten, 2015; Southwick et al., 2014).”
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“Definitions of Resilience After the recommendation of Southwick et al.(84) (2014) definitions of resilience found in this review were classified as personal qualities and resources, processes, or outcomes.”
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“Rachel Yahuda, in a debate with colleagues (in Southwick et al. 2014, 3), has suggested this as well, proposing an analytical comparison between sobriety for the ex-alcoholic and resilience, in that it is a process that must be frequently reconfirmed and is done best in the company of like-minded…”
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“Resilience can be defined as the ability to adapt, bounce back, and effectively cope with challenges, setbacks, or adversities, whether they are personal or professional (Southwick et al., 2014).”
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Perbedaan Resiliensi Siswa Laki-laki dan Perempuan yang Menjadi Korban Bullying
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“Individu yang mampu menyesuaikan diri terhadap stressor di lingkungan kerja atau akademik, belum tentu mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan penyebab stres pada kehidupan diri sendiri (Southwick et al., 2014; Alfaiz, et al, 2021).”
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“…the moderation of the negative effects of stress (Wagnild & Young, 1993), and a process that involves an individual’s ability to consciously ‘move forward in an insightful integrated positive manner as a result of lessons learned from an adverse experience’ (Southwick et al., 2014, p. 4).”
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“Companies that pay attention to their members, community, organization, culture, mentors, and guides become more solid and resilient [40,41].”
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Live-in migrant home care workers in Germany: Stressors and resilience factors
Kriegsmann-Rabe, M., Maus, K., Hiebel, N., Klein, C., & Geiser, F. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282744 · Cited by 24
Cornwell, H., Toschi, N., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Staginnus, M., Smaragdi, A., González-Madruga, K., Rogers, J. C., Martinelli, A., Kohls, G., Raschle, N. M., et al. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000718 · Cited by 20
“There have been calls for resilience research to take a multilevel approach to elucidate mechanisms that give rise to resilience versus vulnerability following adversity exposure (Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialLeadership perspectives on resilience capabilities for navigating disruption
Pai, A. A., Anand, A., Pazhoothundathil, N., & Ashok, L. (2023) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-03-2023-0081 · Cited by 20
Sugiharto, F., Nuraeni, A., Yanny Trisyani, W., Putri, A. M., Armansyah, N. A., & Zamroni, A. H. (2023) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s435288 · Cited by 24
Jabali, O. M., Ayyoub, A. A., & Jabali, S. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18817-y · Cited by 25
“It has been recognized as a distinguishing characteristic that can impact a person’s overall health [22].”
Backgroundde Vries, G., Mocking, R. J. T., Lok, A., Assies, J., Schene, A. H., & Olff, M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.021 · Cited by 20
Allday, R. A., Newell, J. M., & Sukovskyy, Y. (2018) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2018.1499611 · Cited by 20
Schoors, M. V., Lierde, E. V., Steeman, K., Verhofstadt, L., & Lemmens, G. M. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243784 · Cited by 19
“Resilience can be defined as healthy or adaptive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity (Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResilience for health—an emergent property of the “health systems as a whole”
Sturmberg, J. P. (2018) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13045 · Cited by 20
Social and Psychological Capital for the Start-Up of Social Enterprises With a Migratory Background
Modesti, C., Talamo, A., Nicolais, G., & Recupero, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01177 · Cited by 23
“Nevertheless, there is relevant literature focused on the inner resources that forcibly displaced people develop after the experience of adverse events and life conditions, as the constructs of resilience (Southwick et al., 2014), posttraumatic growth (Tedeschi and Calhoun, 2004), and the adversity-activated developme…”
BackgroundDual factor mental health model: Validation through mixture modeling and cut scores
Thayer, A. J., Weeks, M. R., & Cook, C. R. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22447 · Cited by 19
Ethnic identity and life satisfaction in indigenous adolescents: The mediating role of resilience
Caqueo‐Urízar, A., Flores, J., Mena‐Chamorro, P., Alfonso Urzúa, M., & Irarrázaval, M. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105812 · Cited by 19
The Relationship between Psychological Resilience and Tendency to Forgiveness
Кравчук, С. Л. (2021) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2021-0002 · Cited by 29
“…of modern scientific research shows that the construct of psychological resilience can relate to an individual, a family, and a community (Norris, 2008; Walsh, 2016; Tusaie, Dyer, 2004; Southwick et al., 2014; Scoloveno, 2016), namely their physical, psychological, and social characteristics.”
BackgroundLebares, C. C., Greenberg, A. L., Shui, A. M., Boscardin, C., & van der Schaaf, M. F. (2021) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/23821205211020758 · Cited by 20
Roziner, I., Perry, S., Dahabre, R., Bentley, G., Kelada, L., Poikonen‐Saksela, P., Mazzocco, K., Sousa, B., Karademas, E. C., Simos, P. G., et al. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3193 · Cited by 18
“Basing on the understanding of the role of temporality in coping with distress and resilience (Bonanno et al., 2015; Southwick et al., 2014), we hypothesized that psychological and somatic symptoms would be inter‐related at each timepoint, and also that change in one variable would be associated…”
BackgroundRelationship between emotional intelligence and resilience among university students during crisis
Nguyen, N. N., Nham, T. P., & Takahashi, Y. (2022) · Policy Futures in Education · doi:10.1177/14782103221139620 · Cited by 30
“Empirical studies have revealed the importance of resilience to well-being in both daily difficulties and life events (Liu et al., 2020; Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe impact of family income and parental factors on children's resilience and mental well‐being
Bruno, W., Dehnel, R., & Al‐Delaimy, W. K. (2023) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22995 · Cited by 19
Building playful resilience in higher education: Learning by doing and doing by playing
Heljakka, K. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1071552 · Cited by 19
“To illustrate, the idea of progress—moving forward—is an important component of resilience (Southwick et al., 2014) and a crucial part of engaging in play as well as harnessing an entrepreneurial mindset.”
BackgroundTao, T. J., Liang, L., Liu, H., Hobfoll, S. E., Hou, W. K., & Bonanno, G. A. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02350-4 · Cited by 20
Self-citationFirst, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1272909 · Cited by 27
“Although different definitions of resilience exist in the literature [for a review, see (10)], most of them generally share the idea that resilience is the ability of an individual to positively adapt in the face of stress, risk, and adversity (10–13).”
BackgroundAdaptation and resilience in retail: Exploring consumer clusters in the new normal
Stanca, L., Dabija, D.-C., & Câmpian, V. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.104112 · Cited by 22
Resilience and Loss During the Iron-Swords War: The Importance of Coping Strategies
Saar‐Ashkenazy, R., Ben‐Yaakov, O., Guez, J., & Bergman, Y. S. (2024) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2024.2423065 · Cited by 19
“In this regard, resilience, or the ability to adapt to, navigate in, and utilize one’s resources in the context of traumatic events (American Psychological Association, 2014; Southwick et al., 2014; Ungar, 2006), is considered as a crucial personal resource.”
Weathers, L. N., Aiena, B. J., Blackwell, M. A., & Schulenberg, S. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41397-6_8 · Cited by 21
Witt, A., Münzer, A., Ganser, H. G., Goldbeck, L., Fegert, J. M., & Plener, P. L. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.013 · Cited by 24
Coping Effects on Life Meaning, Basic Psychological Needs and Well-Being
Bakracheva, M. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.1010090 · Cited by 24
O’Brien, N., Lawlor, M., Chambers, F. C., Breslin, G., & Brien, W. O. (2019) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2019.1697948 · Cited by 21
“Resilience is an explanation of our individual vulnerability and capacity to coping with stress, of which the determinants can change over the lifespan (Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGalindo‐Domínguez, H., Pegalajar, M., & Uriarte, J.-D.-D. (2020) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2020.04.001 · Cited by 24
Building Emotional Resilience with Big Five Personality Model Against COVID-19 Pandemic
Sahni, S., Kumari, S., & Pachaury, P. (2020) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/2319714520954559 · Cited by 23
“(2018) called it a complex construct as it varies in the context of organizations, cultures, societies and individuals (Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSaltzman, L. Y., Solomyak, L., & Pat‐Horenczyk, R. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0786-6 · Cited by 21
Kolaitis, G. A., & Olff, M. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1351757 · Cited by 19
Baran, M., Grzymała-Moszczyńska, H., Zjawińska, M., Sugay, L., Pujszo, I., Ovsiienko, Y., Naritsa, V., Niedziałek, J., & Boczkowska, M. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100506 · Cited by 18
Rebellion against resilience? The experience of women entrepreneurs in the context of poly-crisis
Itani, M., Fawaz, R. S., Fathallah, R., Okazaki, S., & Jamali, D. (2025) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/02662426251333689 · Cited by 19
“It is affected by numerous factors, including genetics, culture, demographics and social support (Southwick et al., 2014) and by individual attributes such as emotions, management, optimism, problem-solving and life events, including early connections in childhood and the availability of resources…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Department of Anthropology & Jackson Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Southwick, Steven M.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4185134
- OpenAlex
- W2000653311
- Cited by
- 2,968
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 464 · 2025: 402 · 2024: 370 · 2023: 342 · 2022: 357 · 2021: 336 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 126 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 59.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, resilience definitions, determinants of resilience, multiple levels of analysis, epigenetics, genetic factors, developmental factors, cultural factors, economic factors, social factors, trauma, adversity, positive functioning, family resilience, community resilience, cultural resilience
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