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Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives
Open accessAbstract
In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture).
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“Empirical studies have shown that greater resilience serves as a protective mechanism against trauma-related disorders (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Such differences in measurement and conceptualization can generate variation in observed effect sizes even when the underlying constructs are theoretically related (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Resilience can be context-dependent, such that its definition varies in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures (Southwick et al., 2014).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Southwick et al., 2014
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“Resilience has been identified as an important factor that enables individuals adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma [17,20].”
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Adverse childhood experiences and resilience among adult women: A population-based study
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Resilience in Baccalaureate Nursing Students: An Exploration
Lekan, D. A., Ward, T. D., & Elliott, A. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20180619-06 · Cited by 65
Relation between resilience and personality traits: The role of hopelessness and age
Nieto, M., Visier, M. E., Silvestre, I. N., Navarro, B., Serrano, J. P., & Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12866 · Cited by 64
Features of Prolonged Grief Symptoms in Chinese and Swiss Bereaved Parents
Xiu, D., Maercker, A., Woynar, S., Geirhofer, B., Yang, Y., & Jia, X. (2016) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000539 · Cited by 64
Towards a model of resilience protection: factors influencing doctoral completion
McCray, J., & Joseph‐Richard, P. (2020) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-020-00507-4 · Cited by 79
Nishimi, K. M., Choi, K. W., Cerutti, J., Powers, A. D., Bradley, B., & Dunn, E. C. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001191 · Cited by 68
“These findings, coupled with general consensus in the literature that there is no single ‘resilience’ definition (Southwick et al., 2014), emphasize the need for researchers to clearly define the conceptual definition of resilience for the population and research question, and provide a detailed description of the mea…”
BackgroundDeveloping the Resilience Framework for Nursing and Healthcare
Morse, J. M., Kent‐Marvick, J., Barry, L. A., Harvey, J., Okang, E. N., Rudd, E., Wang, C., & Williams, M. (2021) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/23333936211005475 · Cited by 64
“Bonanno and his colleagues focused on what goes wrong with people who become chronically symptomatic with poor functioning after adversity while simultaneously seeking to learn which natural mechanisms allow people to cope with adversity (Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundConceptual models for understanding physician burnout, professional fulfillment, and well-being
Stewart, M. T., Reed, S. M., Reese, J. B., Galligan, M. M., & Mahan, J. D. (2019) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.100658 · Cited by 67
Bartley, E. J., Palit, S., Fillingim, R. B., & Robinson, M. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01932 · Cited by 66
Meaningful activities during COVID-19 lockdown and association with mental health in Belgian adults
Cruyt, E., VRIENDT, P. D., Letter, M. D., Vlerick, P., Calders, P., Pauw, R. D., Oostra, K. M., Rodríguez‐Bailón, M., Szmalec, A., Merchán-Baeza, J. A., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10673-4 · Cited by 68
“The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) The CD-RISC measures the personal characteristic of resilience, broadly conceptualized as healthy and adaptive functioning in the aftermath of adversity [55, 56].”
MethodGórska, S., Roy, A. S., Whitehall, L., Fitzpatrick, L. I., Duffy, N., & Forsyth, K. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab110 · Cited by 74
Psychometric properties of the 10-item Connor–Davidson resilience scale among Finnish older adults
Tourunen, A., Siltanen, S., Saajanaho, M., Koivunen, K., Kokko, K., & Rantanen, T. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1683812 · Cited by 75
Correlates and Predictors of Resilience among Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Mathad, M. D. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/24442.9352 · Cited by 69
Bakic, H., & Ajduković, D. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1891733 · Cited by 78
“co-occur with mental health symptoms (Southwick et al., 2014).”
Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children
OECD (2019) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/a2e8796c-en · Cited by 88
Elm, J. H. L., Lewis, J., Walters, K. L., & Self, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1080/10894160.2016.1152813 · Cited by 63
A Concept Analysis of Resilience Integrating Genetics
Niitsu, K., Houfek, J. F., Barron, C. R., Stoltenberg, S. F., Kupzyk, K. A., & Rice, M. J. (2017) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1350225 · Cited by 64
A Hybrid MCDM Approach towards Resilient Sourcing
Mohammed, A., Yazdani, M., Oukil, A., & González, E. D. R. S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052695 · Cited by 63
“[21] “Resilience is the ability to bend but not break, bounce back, and perhaps even grow in the face of adverse experiences””
BackgroundLaBelle, B. (2019) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-019-00263-y · Cited by 81
Arslan, G., & Yıldırım, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645597 · Cited by 69
“Resilience has a complex nature identified in many ways in the literature, such as adapting successfully to adversities and growing despite adverse events (Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWhat's Love Got to do with it: Role of oxytocin in trauma, attachment and resilience
Sharma, S. R., Gonda, X., Dome, P., & Tarazi, F. I. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107602 · Cited by 61
Stress Response Modulation Underlying the Psychobiology of Resilience
Averill, L. A., Averill, C. L., Kelmendi, B., Abdallah, C. G., & Southwick, S. M. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0887-x · Cited by 64
Self-citationSabri, B., & Granger, D. A. (2018) · Health Care for Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2018.1491046 · Cited by 60
The End of Resilience? Managing Vulnerability Through Temporal Resourcing and Resisting
Branzei, O., & Fathallah, R. (2021) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587211053809 · Cited by 68
“Studies of resilience in general (Southwick et al., 2014), and recent explorations of entrepreneurial resilience, focused on outcomes measurable, comparable and observable by third parties.”
BackgroundAbate, B. B., Sendekie, A. K., Tadesse, A. W., Engdaw, T., Mengesha, A., Zemariam, A. B., Alamaw, A. W., Abebe, G., & Azmeraw, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1391312 · Cited by 60
Climate Change Related Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptoms Perceived by Medical Students
Schwaab, L., Gebhardt, N., Friederich, H.-C., & Nikendei, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159142 · Cited by 59
“Resilience is influenced by biological, social, cultural, and psychological factors [22].”
BackgroundThe influence of self-efficacy and resilient coping on cancer patients’ quality of life
Hinz, A., Friedrich, M., Kuhnt, S., Zenger, M., & Schulte, T. (2019) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12952 · Cited by 60
Resilience and Other Possible Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: a Systematic Review
Sullivan, K. A., Kempe, C. B., Edmed, S. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2016) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9317-1 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Department of Anthropology & Jackson Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Southwick, Steven M.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4185134
- OpenAlex
- W2000653311
- Cited by
- 2,968
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 464 · 2025: 402 · 2024: 370 · 2023: 342 · 2022: 357 · 2021: 336 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 126 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 59.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, resilience definitions, determinants of resilience, multiple levels of analysis, epigenetics, genetic factors, developmental factors, cultural factors, economic factors, social factors, trauma, adversity, positive functioning, family resilience, community resilience, cultural resilience
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