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Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives
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In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture).
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“Empirical studies have shown that greater resilience serves as a protective mechanism against trauma-related disorders (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Such differences in measurement and conceptualization can generate variation in observed effect sizes even when the underlying constructs are theoretically related (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Resilience can be context-dependent, such that its definition varies in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures (Southwick et al., 2014).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Southwick et al., 2014
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“Resilience has been identified as an important factor that enables individuals adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma [17,20].”
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“Thus, resilience was later defined as the individual's ability to successfully adapt to significant adversity and bounce back to previous levels of mental, physical, and social functioning (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Masten, 2011; Masten & Gewirtz, 2006; Southwick et al., 2014).”
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“Psychological resilience may limit the physiological effects of stress (Southwick et al., 2014; Karatsoreos and McEwen, 2013).”
BackgroundStrength- based approach for building resilience in school children: The case of Gaza
Jalala, S. S., Latifoğlu, G., & Uzunboylu, H. (2019) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.343501 · Cited by 15
Characterizations of Resilience in Poststroke Aphasia
Pompon, R. H., & Mach, H. (2022) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000285 · Cited by 11
“Many agree that resilience may evolve over time, manifest differently depending on context and environment (Richardson, 2002; Southwick et al., 2014), and can be an acute response to an adverse event or ongoing response to chronic challenge (Zautra, 2009).”
BackgroundSantiago, J. O., & Buot, I. E. (2018) · Journal of Marine and Island Cultures · doi:10.21463/jmic.2018.07.1.07 · Cited by 11
Vanaken, L., Bijttebier, P., Fıvush, R., & Hermans, D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087211068215 · Cited by 10
“…has focused on the importance of social support in the face of negative life events or trauma resilience Sippel et al., 2015; Ozer et al., 2003; Southwick et al., 2014), but Frederickson’s ‘broaden and build’ model of positive emotions provides additional ways to think about the mental health…”
BackgroundA Common Good Approach to Development
Nebel, M., Garza-Vázquez, O., & Sedmak, C. (2022) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0290 · Cited by 17
Validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28) Among Spanish Youth
Garde, R. A., Torres, M. C. G., Vicente, J. M. M., Sánchez, F. J. P., & de la Fuente, J. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09713 · Cited by 14
Li, K., Wu, Y., & Chen, H. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2791 · Cited by 10
Zeng, Y., Xiao, J., Zhang, Q., Liu, X., & Ai, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1218825 · Cited by 10
Memon, M. H., Aamir, N., & Ahmed, N. (2023) · Weather Climate and Society · doi:10.1175/wcas-d-21-0113.1 · Cited by 10
Rosenberg, A. R., Taylor, M. R., Fladeboe, K., Zhou, C., Levine, D. R., Johnston, E. E., Freyer, D. R., Comiskey, L., Junkins, C. C., Bradford, M. C., et al. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35440 · Cited by 10
“11,12,17,18 Developed on the basis of stress ‐ and ‐ coping and resilience theories, 6,19 PRISM targets four AYA ‐ endorsed “resilience resources” 20 (Table 1).”
Leveraging intersections in management
Aversa, P., Bettinelli, C., Levanti, G., Destri, A. M. L., & Picone, P. M. (2024) · Journal of Management & Governance · doi:10.1007/s10997-024-09710-2 · Cited by 10
Wang, H., Zhang, T., & Wang, X. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03594-1 · Cited by 13
“Resilience is de fi ned as “ the ability to bend but not break, bounce back, and perhaps even grow in the face of adverse life experiences, ” and is critical to the performance and long-term effectiveness of an economy (Southwick et al. 2014).”
Social Resilience: A Critical Synopsis of Definitions
Qamar, A. H. (2024) · Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.14267/cjssp.2024.1.6 · Cited by 12
Pugach, C. P., Adams, S. W., Wisco, B. E., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23119 · Cited by 10
“Using a narrow focus on symptoms to define resilience may be problematic, however, because indicators of negative functioning do not reflect adaptation across multiple life domains (Southwick et al., 2014).”
InfluentialAdolescents during wartime: Vulnerability‐based profiles
Olinover, M., & Hamama, L. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70041 · Cited by 10
“Finally, resilience as a dynamic process is conceptualized as a trajectory of healthy functioning following a highly adverse event (Chmitorz et al., 2018; Southwick et al., 2014).”
Nassour, J., Leykin, D., Elhadad, M., & Cohen, O. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Informatics · doi:10.3808/jei.201900423 · Cited by 10
Gray matter volume differences between lower, average, and higher pain resilience subgroups
Li, F., & Jackson, T. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13631 · Cited by 10
Preserving Engagement, Nurturing Resilience
Kusz, H., & Ahmad, A. (2020) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2020.06.004 · Cited by 11
Carlin, E., Seear, K. H., Ferrari, K., Spry, E. P., Atkinson, D. N., & Marley, J. V. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01986-7 · Cited by 10
Wright, J. I., Whyne, E. Z., Lehrer, H. M., Woo, J., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1851235 · Cited by 13
“Resilience reflects an individual’s ability to adapt to changing environments or “bounce back” from stressful situations.(30) Resilient individuals tend to use adaptive coping strategies such as positive reappraisal, humor, planning, and help-seeking to address stressful events,(31,32) whereas less resilient individua…”
BackgroundChingombe, W., & Musarandega, H. (2021) · Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies · doi:10.4102/jamba.v13i1.1068 · Cited by 10
“In supporting this development, Southwick et al. (2014) asserted that effective disaster intervention with the capability to enhance increased resilience is feasible where parties involved realise the fact that individuals are rooted in families and communities, which in turn are embedded in…”
BackgroundInfluentialHeljakka, K. I. (2021) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2021.2005402 · Cited by 10
Coping with COVID-19 Prolonged and Cumulative Stressors: the Case Example of Egypt
Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Ahmed, S. A. E., Ebada, E. E., Tantawy, S. F., Waheep, N. N., & Ashby, J. S. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00712-x · Cited by 11
Pandemic Lessons: Resilience and Hope
Paun, O. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20211207-03 · Cited by 10
Deutsch, A. R., Vargas, M., Lucchini, M., Brink, L. T., Odendaal, H. J., & Elliott, A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100365 · Cited by 11
“…which is considered a protective factor against mood disorders (Hu et al., 2015), however, “individual-level” resilience is a multifaceted construct with both internal and external factors dependent upon cultural, demographic, and geographic contexts (Southwick et al., 2014; Yates et al., 2015).”
BackgroundQing, Y., Bakker, A., van der Meer, C. A. I., Brake, H. T., & Olff, M. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2133358 · Cited by 10
“Despite the inherently distressing nature of PTE’s, up to 84% of individuals cope effectively and are minimally impacted by the adverse effects (Galatzer-Levy et al., 2018; Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResult
Metadata
- Authors
- Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Department of Anthropology & Jackson Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Southwick, Steven M.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4185134
- OpenAlex
- W2000653311
- Cited by
- 2,968
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 464 · 2025: 402 · 2024: 370 · 2023: 342 · 2022: 357 · 2021: 336 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 126 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 59.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, resilience definitions, determinants of resilience, multiple levels of analysis, epigenetics, genetic factors, developmental factors, cultural factors, economic factors, social factors, trauma, adversity, positive functioning, family resilience, community resilience, cultural resilience
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