Target uncertainty does not lead to more distraction by singletons: Intertrial priming does
Open accessAbstract
In two experiments, we examined why a singleton distractor has a stronger interfering effect in visual search when the target identity is uncertain. When participants searched for a shape, a color singleton distractor had a larger slowing effect in a mixed block, in which the target shape could change from trial to trial, than in a pure block, in which the target shape remained the same. Importantly, this increased singleton distractor effect could be traced back entirely to intertrial priming, since the increased costs occurred only on trials in which the target and the singleton distractor swapped identity (Experiment 1, allowing for priming between targets and singleton distractors) or on trials in which the target alone changed identity while the singleton distractor remained constant (Experiment 2, allowing for priming between targets only). This suggests that target uncertainty itself does not lead to strategic changes in the attentional selection of singletons. Instead, selection is affected by relatively automatic priming mechanisms that may be enhanced by competition for attention.
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Intertrial priming studies typically show that a recently selected stimulus feature is more likely to be selected again, even if it is a distractor whose suppression was and is the appropriate response.
“while intertrial priming studies typically show that a recently selected stimulus feature is more likely to be selected again, even if it is a distractor whose suppression was and is the appropriate response (Pinto et al., 2005)”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinto et al., 2005
The introduction (p. 3) says features associated with a target are facilitated on the next trial and may make a stimulus more salient when it becomes a distractor. It says features associated with a distractor are instead inhibited. Thus, the paper supports carryover from a previously selected target feature, but not the claim that a feature suppressed as a distractor is more likely to be selected when it remains a distractor. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA classic finding is intertrial priming: if target-associated and distractor-associated features swap from one trial to another, capture by the distractor is larger because its feature was recently associated with the target.
“If target-associated and distractor-associated features swap from one trial to another, capture by the distractor is larger since its feature was recently associated with the target (Pinto, Olivers, & Theeuwes, 2005).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinto et al., 2005
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Hanne, A. A., Tünnermann, J., & Schubö, A. (2024) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2024.2328902 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hand movements reveal the temporal characteristics of visual attention
Woodgate, P. J. W. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Attentional suppression is delayed for threatening distractorsPreprint
Burra, N., Pittet, C., Barras, C., & Kerzel, D. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/329w4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guiding Attention in a Dynamic Environment
Pinto, Y. (2008) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Self-citationGiammarco, A. M. (2016) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)
Comparing apples and oranges in priming of attentional selection?Preprint
Kristjansson, A. K. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9e3jd
Zhou, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., & Cui, F. (2025) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-025-03099-2
Tracking target and distractor processing in visual search: Evidence from human electrophysiology
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T1.Faker (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Measuring the dynamics of attentional capture in hand and eye movements with virtual reality
Gurr, M., Moher, J., Egbert, M. D., & Erb, C. D. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03177-9
- Authors
- Pinto, Y., Olivers, C. L., & Theeuwes, J.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Pinto, Yaïr
- ORCID
- Theeuwes, Jan
- Venue
- Perception & Psychophysics
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1354-1361
- ISSN
- 0031-5117 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5962
- OpenAlex
- W2158658870
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Perception & Psychophysics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (451-02-117)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- singleton distractors, target uncertainty, visual search, distractor interference, selective attention, target identity, attentional competition, automatic priming
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Humans, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Signal Detection, Psychological
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