The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5–25 kpc Using Luminous Red Giant Branch Stars
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We present a sample of 254,882 luminous red giant branch (LRGB) stars selected from the APOGEE and LAMOST surveys. By combining photometric and astrometric information from the Two Micron All Sky Survey and Gaia survey, the precise distances of the sample stars are determined by a supervised machine-learning algorithm: the gradient-boosted decision trees. To test the accuracy of the derived distances, member stars of globular clusters (GCs) and open clusters are used. The tests by cluster member stars show a precision of about 10% with negligible zero-point offsets, for the derived distances of our sample stars. The final sample covers a large volume of the Galactic disk(s) and halo of 0 < R < 30 kpc and ∣Z∣ ≤ 15 kpc. The rotation curve (RC) of the Milky Way across the radius of 5 ≲ R ≲ 25 kpc has been accurately measured with ∼54,000 stars of the thin disk population selected from the LRGB sample. The derived RC shows a weak decline along R with a gradient of −1.83 ± 0.02 (stat.) ± 0.07 (sys.) km s−1 kpc−1, in excellent agreement with the results measured by previous studies. The circular velocity at the solar position, yielded by our RC is 234.04 ± 0.08 (stat.) ± 1.36 (sys.) km s−1, again in great consistency with other independent determinations. From the newly constructed RC, as well as constraints from other data, we have constructed a mass model for our Galaxy, yielding a mass of the dark matter halo of M 200 = (8.05 ± 1.15) × 10 11 M ⊙ with a corresponding radius of R 200 = 192.37 ± 9.24 kpc and a local dark matter density of 0.39 ± 0.03 GeV cm−3.
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Abdelaziz, A. E., Hendy, Y. H. M., Shokry, A., Saad, S. M., Kamal, F. Y., & Edris, K. A. (2020) · Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica · doi:10.22201/ia.01851101p.2020.56.02.07 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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The dark matter profile of the Milky Way inferred from its circular velocity curve
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Strong constraints on the gravitational law from Gaia DR3 wide binaries
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Mapping dark matter in the Milky Way using normalizing flows and Gaia DR3
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A slightly oblate dark matter halo revealed by a retrograde precessing Galactic disk warp
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First measurement of the triaxiality of the inner dark matter halo of the Milky Way
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Probing the Galactic halo with RR Lyrae stars – IV. On the Oosterhoff dichotomy of RR Lyrae stars
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Self-citationBar-driven Streaming Motions Mimic a Massive Bulge in the Inner Milky Way
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Deciphering the Kinematic Substructure of Local Dark Matter with LAMOST K Giants
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On the origin of the Hercules group: II. The Trojan quasi-periodic identity on the orbital level
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Cosmological implications of the <i>Gaia</i> Milky Way declining rotation curve
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The Milky Way and M31 rotation curves in Yukawa gravity: phenomenology and Bayesian analysis
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Line-of-Sight Mass Estimator and the Masses of the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy
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Systematic Search for Blue Hypervelocity Stars from LAMOST Survey
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Self-citationThe Shape and Mass of the Galactic Dark Matter Halo from the Axisymmetric Jeans Model
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The Milky Way’s Circular Velocity Curve Measured Using Element Abundance Gradients
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An Update of the Catalog of Radial Velocity Standard Stars from the APOGEE DR17
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Self-citationZhu, Y. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1765.v3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Implications of the Milky Way declining rotation curve
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Xu, H.-S., Han, Z.-T., Na, W.-W., Wang, Z., Ma, W., & Zhu, L.-Y. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade152 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Revisiting the proper motions of M31 and M33 using massive supergiant stars with Gaia DR3
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Beordo, W., Crosta, M., & Lattanzi, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/12/024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liu, H., Du, C., Donlon, T., & Deng, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc8a8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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The Kinematic and Chemical Properties of the Close-in Planet Host Star 8 UMi
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Can Milky Way’s Rotation Curve Constrain Dark Matter Gravity-Matter Coupling?
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Milky Way Mass Through Escape Velocity Curve from LAMOST K Giants
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Constraints on Symmetric Dark Matter from Neutron Star Capture and Collapse
Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Pospelov, M., & Reddy, S. K. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/5wsg-z61z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Singh, A., & Desai, S. (2026) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-026-04589-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Disentangling the Morphology of Palomar 5: Effects of the Bar, Spiral Arms, LMC, and Halo Flattening
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Self-citationReview of current estimates of the Galaxy mass
Central (Pulkovo) Astronomical Observatory, R., Бобылев, В. В., Bajkova, A. T., & Central (Pulkovo) Astronomical Observatory, R. (2023) · Publications of the Pulkovo Observatory · doi:10.31725/0367-7966-2023-228-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Mass and Redshift Dependence of Halo Star Clustering
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A Catalog of Distance Determinations for 5 Million Stars in LAMOST DR10
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A Conjecture on the Possible Another Supermassive Black Hole in the Bar of Our Milky WayPreprint
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A Conjecture on the Possible Another Supermassive Black Hole in the Bar of Our Milky WayPreprint
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Optics Effect on the Observed Image about Sgr A* and Orbits of S-StarsPreprint
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Melchiorri, A., & Ruchika (2026) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2026.101758
“Applying the same pipeline to the modern MW data of Eilers et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2023), Zhou et al. (2023), Jiao et al. (2023), and Ou et al. (2024) yields, by contrast, a clearly negative terminal slope of the DM contribution of − 1 .”
Dynamic Gravitation of Spiral GalaxiesPreprint
Li, S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4634951
A New Dark Matter and Dark Energy Theory Based on the Assumption of Mass VectorizationPreprint
Zhou, F. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4692093
MODERN ESTIMATES OF THE MASS OF THE MILKY WAY
Бобылев, В. В., & Байкова, А. Т. (2023) · Astronomicheskii Zhurnal · doi:10.31857/s0004629923080029
Qiu, W. (2024) · Journal of Modern Physics · doi:10.4236/jmp.2024.155028
Newtonian limit of Einstein equation with a cosmological constant*
Li, L.-F., Cao, Z., & He, X. (2024) · Chinese Physics C · doi:10.1088/1674-1137/ad5f81
The DR3 Milky Way Rotation Curve within the Framework of General Relativity Without Dark Matter
Canac, M. (2024) · Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences · doi:10.1142/s2424942424500087
Kayhan, C., & Şahìn, T. (2025) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae10e4
No evidence for Keplerian taper of far-out galactic rotation in the SPARC galaxy database
Bariego-Quintana, A., & Llanes–Estrada, F. J. (2026) · New Astronomy · doi:10.1016/j.newast.2026.102537
The odd primordial halo of the Milky Way implied by Gaia : A shallow core, but a steep decline
Li, P., McGaugh, S., Pawlowski, M. S., Hammer, F., & Sellwood, J. A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557021
Three Models of the Gravitational Potential of the Milky Way
Бобылев, В. В., Bajkova, A. T., & Smirnov, A. A. (2025) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s1063772925702178
Search for Distant Hypervelocity Star Candidates Using RR Lyrae Stars
Fu, H., Huang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0c09
Self-citationLocal Jeans estimates of the Galaxy’s circular velocity, based on RGB stars from the Gaia catalogue
Fedorov, P. N., Dmytrenko, A., Akhmetov, V. S., Velichko, A. B., Железняк, А. П., Khramtsov, V., Denyshchenko, S. I., Vavilova, I. B., Dobrycheva, D. V., Sergijenko, O., et al. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1310
TYC 3135-86-1: An sdB+WD Binary with a Potential Thick-envelope Scenario Produced by CE Ejection
Yihao, M., Li, J., Li, Z., Jia, S., & Wang, J. (2026) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ae48b6
The significance of vector potentials for low-speed geodesics within metric distributions
Bulyzhenkov, I. E. (2026) · Space habitation. · doi:10.1016/j.spaceh.2026.100064
Luo, A., & Li, S. (2026) · ENGINEERING Management · doi:10.1007/s42524-026-6902-8
An Old, Low-mass, Metal-poor Hypervelocity Star Candidate Consistent with a Galactic Center Origin
Deng, S., Huang, Y., Fu, H., Sun, Y., Feng, Q., Chen, G., & Zhang, H. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae6505
Self-citationBauer, M., Perez-Soler, J., & Shergold, J. D. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/vqn9-9gtp
Axisymmetric Jeans modelling systematically overestimates the circular speed in the inner Milky Way
Yamaguchi, T., & Baba, J. (2026) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psag066
Probing dark matter annihilation in the Galactic Center with TRIDENT
Anonymous, Chu, X., Cheek, A., Morton-Blake, I., Chang, Q., Giacinti, G., Kaci, S., Xiang, X., Xu, D. L., & Zhang, F. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/djnq-kfnh
Neural-network-derived Stellar Parameters and Distances for Cool Giants
Zhang, P., Zhang, B., Li, J., Yan, Z., Zhong, J., Tang, L., Wang, S. M., Tian, Y., & Li, Y. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae8cfe
Distinct gas and stellar circular velocity curves in the Milky Way
Nelson, A. H., Sofue, Y., & Williams, P. R. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202661010
Chen, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., & Guo, Z. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aea908
Self-citationWoudenberg, H. C. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.5281/zenodo.13881902
- Authors
- Zhou, Y., Li, X., Huang, Y., & Zhang, H.
- Affiliations
- Yunnan University (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Xinyi
- Huang, Yang
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2023-03-31
- Volume
- 946
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 73
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W4362467205
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 12
- FWCI
- 9.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (11903027, 11833006, 11973001, 12090040, 12090044)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way rotation curve, circular velocity, Galactic thin disk, Galactic halo, halo mass, gradient boosting decision tree, stellar distances, supervised learning, APOGEE, LAMOST, Gaia, TESS, globular clusters, open clusters, local dark matter density
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