Spectrophotometric Parallaxes with Linear Models: Accurate Distances for Luminous Red-giant Stars
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With contemporary infrared spectroscopic surveys like APO Galactic Evolution Experiment ( APOGEE ), red-giant stars can be observed to distances and extinctions at which Gaia parallaxes are not highly informative. Yet the combination of effective temperature, surface gravity, composition, and age—all accessible through spectroscopy—determines a giant’s luminosity. Therefore spectroscopy plus photometry should enable precise spectrophotometric distance estimates. Here we use the overlap of APOGEE, Gaia , the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), the and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) to train a data-driven model to predict parallaxes for red-giant branch stars with (more luminous than the red clump). We employ (the exponentiation of) a linear function of APOGEE spectral pixel intensities and multiband photometry to predict parallax spectrophotometrically. The model training involves no logarithms or inverses of the Gaia parallaxes, and needs no cut on the Gaia parallax signal-to-noise ratio. It includes an L1 regularization to zero out the contributions of uninformative pixels. The training is performed with leave-out subsamples such that no star’s astrometry is used even indirectly in its spectrophotometric parallax estimate. The model implicitly performs a reddening and extinction correction in its parallax prediction, without any explicit dust model. We assign to each star in the sample a new spectrophotometric parallax estimate; these parallaxes have uncertainties of less than 15%, depending on data quality, which is more precise than the Gaia parallax for the vast majority of targets, and certainly any stars more than a few kiloparsec distance. We obtain 10% distance estimates out to heliocentric distances of 20 kpc, and make global maps of the Milky Way’s disk.
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The stellar positions and velocities come from a compilation of Gaia DR2 measurements, combined with improved parallax determinations from APOGEE DR14 spectra and photometric information from WISE, 2MASS and Gaia.
“The stellar positions and velocities come from a compilation of Gaia DR2 measurements, combined with improved parallax determinations from APOGEE DR14 spectra and photometric information from WISE, 2MASS and Gaia (for details see Hogg et al. 2019).”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Hogg et al. 2019
Section 4 (Data; page unavailable) confirms that the parallax estimates use APOGEE DR14 spectra and photometry from WISE, 2MASS, and Gaia DR2. Section 5 (Results and Validation; page unavailable) says the resulting parallax catalog can be joined to Gaia astrometry and, separately, to APOGEE radial velocities. It does not support the claim that the stellar velocities as a whole come from Gaia DR2 measurements. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Self-citationLux: A Generative, Multioutput, Latent-variable Model for Astronomical Data with Noisy Labels
Horta, D., Price-Whelan, A. M., Hogg, D. W., Ness, M., & Casey, A. R. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adcc20 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecDis: Value Added Distance Catalog for 4 Million Stars from DESI Year-1 Data
Li, S., Wang, W., Koposov, S. E., Li, T. S., Wu, Y., Valluri, M., Najita, J., Prieto, C. A., Byström, A., Manser, C. J., et al. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adf1a0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
AlMannaei, A., Kawata, D., Baba, J., Hunt, J. D., Seabroke, G. M., & Yan, Z. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae158 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Axial Asymmetry Studies in Gaia Data Release 2 Yield the Pattern Speed of the Galactic Bar
Hinkel, A., Gardner, S. V., & Yanny, B. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba905 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An Equilibrium Model of the Galaxy Determined by Element Abundance Gradients
Widrow, L. M., Hogg, D. W., Horta, D., Li, H., & Price-Whelan, A. M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbf12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe rotation curve of the Milky Way measured by classical Cepheids from <i>Gaia</i> DR3
Feng, Q., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., & Liu, J. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Singh, A., & Desai, S. (2026) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-026-04589-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dwarfs or Giants? Stellar Metallicities and Distances from ugrizG Multiband Photometry
Thomas, G. F., Annau, N., McConnachie, A. W., Fabbro, S., Teimoorinia, H., Côté, P., Cuillandre, J., Gwyn, S., Ibata, R., Starkenburg, E., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a77
Kayhan, C., & Şahìn, T. (2025) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae10e4
Homogeneous Stellar Parameters from Heterogeneous Spectra with Deep Learning
Shen, J., Speagle, J. S., & Ho, S. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae81b3
- Authors
- Hogg, D. W., Eilers, A.-C., & Rix, H.-W.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2019-09-16
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 147
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W2896289061
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Smithsonian Institution
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Yale University
- Carnegie Institution of Washington
- Vanderbilt University
- Ohio State University
- California Institute of Technology
- University of Washington
- Johns Hopkins University
- Carnegie Mellon University
- University of Notre Dame
- University of Portsmouth
- New Mexico State University
- European Space Agency
- Flatiron Health
- York University
- University of Oxford
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
- Office of Science
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- University of California, Los Angeles
- University of Colorado Boulder
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- red giant branch stars, stellar distances, APOGEE, Gaia parallaxes, linear models, L1 regularization, extinction correction, reddening, multi-band photometry, stellar luminosity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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