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Cited by 1,497

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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

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The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen 陈, Yongjun 永军, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Gómez, José L., Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gu 顾, Minfeng 敏峰, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho 何, Luis C. 子山, Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang 黄, Lei 磊, H. Hughes, David, Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang 江, Wu 悟, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Junhan, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Li 李, Yan-Rong 彦荣, Li 李, Zhiyuan 志远, Lindqvist, Michael, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu 路, Ru-Sen 如森, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao 毛, Jirong 基荣, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Ryan, Benjamin R., Rygl, Kazi L. J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen 沈, Zhiqiang 志强, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Tazaki, Fumie, Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Tsuda, Shuichiro, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George N., Wu 吴, Qingwen 庆文, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan 袁, Feng 峰, Yuan 袁, Ye-Fei 业飞, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guangyao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Zhu, Ziyan, Farah, Joseph R., Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Michalik, Daniel, Nadolski, Andrew, Nishioka, Hiroaki, Pradel, Nicolas, Primiani, Rurik A., Souccar, Kamal, Vertatschitsch, Laura, Yamaguchi, Paul·2019·The Astrophysical Journal Letters
DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85
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Abstract

We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ∼40 μ as, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the “shadow” of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others’ work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.

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Metadata

Authors
The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D.-Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C.-K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M.-T., Chen 陈, Y. 永., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gómez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu 顾, M. 敏., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho 何, L. C. 子., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C.-W. L., Huang 黄, L. 磊., H. Hughes, D., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang 江, W. 悟., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C.-Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S.-S., Li 李, Y.-R. 彦., Li 李, Z. 志., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W.-P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu 路, R.-S. 如., MacDonald, N. R., Mao 毛, J. 基., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U.-L., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H.-Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K.-F., Shao, L., Shen 沈, Z. 志., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., SooHoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., van Bemmel, I., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu 吴, Q. 庆., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan 袁, F. 峰., Yuan 袁, Y.-F. 业., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S.-S., Zhu, Z., Farah, J. R., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Nadolski, A., Nishioka, H., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Souccar, K., Vertatschitsch, L., & Yamaguchi, P.
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2019-04-10
Volume
875
Issue
1
Pages
L4
ISSN
  • 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
  • 2041-8213
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85
OpenAlex
W2937056002
Cited by
1,497
References
3
FWCI
89.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence

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The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., . . . Yamaguchi, P. (2019). First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85

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