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Cited by 36Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineHydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications3D Printing in Biomedical Research

Extracellular matrix grafts: From preparation to application (Review)

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Jiang, Yongsheng, Li, Rui, Han, Chunchan, Huang, Lijiang·2020·International Journal of Molecular Medicine
DOI 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4818PMC PMC7797433
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Abstract

Recently, the increasing emergency of traffic accidents and the unsatisfactory outcome of surgical intervention are driving research to seek a novel technology to repair traumatic soft tissue injury. From this perspective, decellularized matrix grafts (ECM‑G) including natural ECM materials, and their prepared hydrogels and bioscaffolds, have emerged as possible alternatives for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Over the past decades, several physical and chemical decellularization methods have been used extensively to deal with different tissues/organs in an attempt to carefully remove cellular antigens while maintaining the non‑immunogenic ECM components. It is anticipated that when the decellularized biomaterials are seeded with cells in vitro or incorporated into irregularly shaped defects in vivo, they can provide the appropriate biomechanical and biochemical conditions for directing cell behavior and tissue remodeling. The aim of this review is to first summarize the characteristics of ECM‑G and describe their major decellularization methods from different sources, followed by analysis of how the bioactive factors and undesired residual cellular compositions influence the biologic function and host tissue response following implantation. Lastly, we also provide an overview of the in vivo application of ECM‑G in facilitating tissue repair and remodeling.

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  • TX100 decellularization efficacy is highly dependent on target tissue configuration; complete decellularization has been reported in thin tissues such as nerves and pericardium, while TX100 application alone does not seem successful in removing immunogen cell debris from denser tissues such as arteries.

    “It is of interest to further note that TX100 decellularization efficacy is highly dependent on the target tissue configuration. Complete decellularization has been reported in thin tissues such as nerves and pericardium, while TX100 application alone does not seem successful in removing immunogen cell debris from denser tissues such as arteries [56, 75, 83].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [75]

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  • TX100 removes GAGs and decreases laminin and fibronectin content, but does not affect collagens, showing its detrimental effects on ECM are milder than ionic counterparts.

    “TX100 remove GAGs and decreases laminin and fibronectin content, but it does not affect collagens, showing its detrimental effects on ECM are milder than their ionic counterparts [75, 84].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [75]

    The Chemical methods section says Triton X-100 has less negative impact on protein structure than ionic detergents and reports maintenance of native ECM structure and composition in a decellularized heart valve. It does not say that Triton X-100 removes GAGs, decreases laminin or fibronectin, or leaves collagen unaffected specifically; the collagen-content example concerns CHAPS, a different detergent. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Trypsin splits cell-ECM peptide bonds with optimum performance at 37°C and pH=8.

    “It splits cell-ECM peptide bonds with optimum performance at 37°C and pH=8 [75].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [75]

  • FDA regulatory criteria have put a maximum 0.5 EU/ml threshold of endotoxin contamination for medical devices, including dECM scaffolds.

    “On the one hand, FDA regulatory criteria have put a maximum 0.5 EU/ml threshold of endotoxin contamination for medical devices, including dECM scaffolds [75].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [75]

  • CHAPS deplete elastin and GAGs content of ECM.

    “Of note, they have been demonstrated to deplete the elastin and GAGs content of ECM [51, 75, 82].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [75]

    The Chemical methods section (page unavailable) identifies CHAPS as a decellularization detergent and describes CHAPS-treated artery tissue as retaining native elastin morphology. It does not report whether CHAPS reduces elastin or GAG content; searches for CHAPS and for detergent-related loss of these components found no such result. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Jiang, Y., Li, R., Han, C., & Huang, L.
Affiliations
Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Li, Rui
  • Huang, Lijiang
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Publisher
Spandidos Publications
Published
2020-12-15
Volume
47
Issue
2
Pages
463-474
ISSN
  • 1107-3756 (ISSN-L)
  • 1791-244X
DOI
10.3892/ijmm.2020.4818
PMC
PMC7797433
OpenAlex
W3111967899
Cited by
36
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3
FWCI
1.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81802238)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LWQ20H170001)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
Keywords
decellularization, decellularized extracellular matrix, hydrogels, bioscaffolds, traumatic soft tissue injury, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, decellularization methods, host tissue response, tissue repair, tissue remodeling, cell seeding
MeSH terms
Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Extracellular Matrix, Humans, Hydrogels, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds

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