Cited by 329Fatty Acid Research and HealthBirth, Development, and HealthNutritional Studies and Diet

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DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes

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Carlson, Susan E, Colombo, John, Gajewski, Byron J, Gustafson, Kathleen M, Mundy, David, Yeast, John, Georgieff, Michael K, Markley, Lisa A, Kerling, Elizabeth H, Shaddy, D Jill·2013·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.050021PMC PMC3607655

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Abstract

Background Observational studies associate higher intakes of n-3 (omega-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy with higher gestation duration and birth size. The results of randomized supplementation trials using various n-3 LCPUFA sources and amounts are mixed.Objective We tested the hypothesis that 600 mg/d of the n-3 LCPUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can increase maternal and newborn DHA status, gestation duration, birth weight, and length. Safety was assessed.Design This phase III, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted between January 2006 and October 2011. Women (n = 350) consumed capsules (placebo, DHA) from <20 wk of gestation to birth. Blood (enrollment, birth, and cord) was analyzed for red blood cell (RBC) phospholipid DHA. The statistical analysis was intent-to-treat.Results Most of the capsules were consumed (76% placebo; 78% DHA); the mean DHA intake for the treated group was 469 mg/d. In comparison with placebo, DHA supplementation resulted in higher maternal and cord RBC-phospholipid-DHA (2.6%; P < 0.001), longer gestation duration (2.9 d; P = 0.041), and greater birth weight (172 g; P = 0.004), length (0.7 cm; P = 0.022), and head circumference (0.5 cm; P = 0.012). In addition, the DHA group had fewer infants born at <34 wk of gestation (P = 0.025) and shorter hospital stays for infants born preterm (40.8 compared with 8.9 d; P = 0.026) than did the placebo group. No safety concerns were identified.Conclusions A supplement of 600 mg DHA/d in the last half of gestation resulted in overall greater gestation duration and infant size. A reduction in early preterm and very-low birth weight could be important clinical and public health outcomes of DHA supplementation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00266825.

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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Influence of sociodemographic, lifestyle and genetic characteristics on maternal DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy: A systematic review
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Association of maternal omega-6 fatty acid intake with infant birth outcomes: Korean Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH)
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“For example, DHA or fish oil supplementation has had beneficial effects in the following areas: in term and PT infants—visual and neurodevelopment [17,30,31], sleep quality [32], autonomic function [33]; and in toddlers and children—cognitive function [34–36], ability to focus [37], risk of asthma and wheezing [38], a…”
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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) status in severe preeclampsia and preterm birth: a cross sectional study
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Retracted
The effect of prenatal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on infant outcomes in African American women living in low-income environments: A randomized, controlled trial
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BackgroundInfluential
Higher-Dose DHA Supplementation Modulates Immune Responses in Pregnancy and Is Associated with Decreased Preterm Birth
Valentine, C. J., Khan, A. Q., Brown, A. R., Sands, S. A., DeFranco, E., Gajewski, B. J., Carlson, S. E., Reber, K. M., & Rogers, L. K. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124248 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Fish Oil Supplementation does not Reduce Risks of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, or Pre-Eclampsia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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“However, further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) did not support that gestational supplementation with fish oil can reduce the risks for GDM, PIH, or PE.”
ResultInfluential
Dose–response relationship between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake and lower rates of early preterm birth, low birth weight and very low birth weight
Carlson, S. E., Gajewski, B. J., Hayek, S. A., Colombo, J. A., Kerling, E. H., & Gustafson, K. M. (2018) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.09.002 · Cited by 22
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DHA intake interacts with ELOVL2 and ELOVL5 genetic variants to influence polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk
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Maternal but Not Fetal FADS Gene Variants Modify the Association between Maternal Long-Chain PUFA Intake in Pregnancy and Birth Weight
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Reduced DHA transfer in diabetic pregnancies: mechanistic basis and long-term neurodevelopmental implications
Judge, M. P., Casavant, S. G., Dias, J. A. M., & McGrath, J. M. (2016) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw006 · Cited by 19
“Carlson et al.(59) conducted a phase III, double-blind, randomized control trial and found that the DHA supplementation group (600 mg/d) had a longer gestation (2.”
BackgroundInfluential
Body weight affects ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) accumulation in youth following supplementation in post-hoc analyses of a randomized controlled trial
Christian, L. M., Young, A. S., Mitchell, A. M., Belury, M. A., Gracious, B., Arnold, L. E., & Fristad, M. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173087 · Cited by 19
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A Scoping Review of Clinical Studies in Infants Fed Formulas Containing Palm Oil or Palm Olein and Sn-2 Palmitate
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The Influence of DHA on Language Development: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of DHA Supplementation in Pregnancy, the Neonatal Period, and Infancy
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“Mothers took capsules with DHA doses of 120 [26], 300 [83], 400 [27,28,51,52], 450 [81,82], 600 [79,80], 800 [25,77,78], 1020 [58], 1100 [55], and 2200 [75,76] mg per day.”
Early and late preterm birth rates in participants adherent to randomly assigned high dose docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in pregnancy
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Self-citation
Fish Oil And/Or Probiotics Intervention in Overweight/Obese Pregnant Women and Overweight Risk in 24‐Month‐Old Children
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“Recent reports indicate that DHA supplementation has beneficial effects in improving pregnancy outcome and infant size (Greenberg et al. 2008; reviewed by Coletta et al. 2010; Carlson et al. 2013).”
Background
The effect of fish oil supplementation on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a triple-blind, randomized controlled trial
Ostadrahimi, A., Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi, S., Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, M., Farshbaf-Khalili, S., Jafarilar, N., & Farshbaf‐Khalili, A. (2017) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2016-0037 · Cited by 17
“The number of infants born before 34 weeks was also significantly less in the intervention group [21].”
Background
Prenatal Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation and Newborn Anthropometry in India: Findings from DHANI
Khandelwal, S., Kondal, D., Chaudhry, M., Patil, K., Swamy, M. K., Pujeri, G., Mane, S. B., Kudachi, Y., Gupta, R., Ramakrishnan, U., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030730 · Cited by 17
“In the United States of America, DHA supplementation resulted in longer gestation duration (2.9 d; p = 0.041) and greater birth weight (172 g; p = 0.004), length (0.7 cm; p = 0.022), and head circumference (HC) (0.5 cm; p = 0.012) [20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and lower risk of preterm delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sun, L., Li, Y., Xie, W., & Xue, X. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1785423 · Cited by 16
Fast capillary electrophoresis method for determination of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in marine oils omega-3 supplements
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Docosahexaenoic Acid: Outlining the Therapeutic Nutrient Potential to Combat the Prenatal Alcohol-Induced Insults on Brain Development
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“A recently published article that re-analyzed 2 clinical trials [Donor Milk for Improved Neurodevelopmental Outcomes (DOMInO) (117) and Kansas University DHA Outcome Study (KUDOS) (118)] showed a significant reduction in the incidence of preterm birth with 800 mg (DOMInO) and 600 mg (KUDOS)/d of DHA supplementation in…”
Background
The effect of maternal seafood consumption on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
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“…protein, vitamins and other essential nutrients, including long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), which have been suggested providing beneficial effects on pregnancy outcomes (Carlson et al. 2013; De Giuseppe, Roggi, and Cena 2014; Szajewska, Horvath, and Koletzko 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
A Correlation Study of DHA Intake Estimated by a FFQ and Concentrations in Plasma and Erythrocytes in Mid- and Late Pregnancy
Zhou, Y.-B., Li, H., Trasande, L., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Si, K., Bai, M.-X., & Liu, J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111256 · Cited by 16
“9 days and increasing birth weight of the newborn by up to 172 g [4].”
Background
Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation (DHA) and the return on investment for pregnancy outcomes
Shireman, T. I., Kerling, E. H., Gajewski, B. J., Colombo, J., & Carlson, S. E. (2016) · Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2016.05.008 · Cited by 15
“Participants for whom delivery data were available self-identified as Black (42”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Effect of supplementary omega-3 fatty acids on pregnant women with complications and pregnancy outcomes: review from literature
Chowdhury, M. H., Ghosh, S., Kabir, M. R., Mamun, M. A. A., & Islam, M. S. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1786522 · Cited by 17
“Author (Year) Items Randomization Double blinding Withdrawals & dropouts Total Ali et al. 2017 2 0 1 3 Bulstra-Ramakers et al. 1995 2 2 1 5 Carlson et al. 2013 2 2 1 5 De Groot et al. 2004 2 2 1 5 Freeman et al. 2008 2 2 1 5 Giorlandino et al. 2013 2 2 1 5 Gustafson et al. 2013 2 2 1 5 Haghiac et…”
Background
Subgroup identification of early preterm birth (ePTB): informing a future prospective enrichment clinical trial design
Zhang, C., Garrard, L., Keighley, J. D., Carlson, S., & Gajewski, B. J. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1189-0 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Unrevealing functional candidate genes for bovine fertility through RNA sequencing meta-analysis and regulatory elements networks of co-expressed genes and lncRNAs
Fonseca, P. A. D. S., Suárez‐Vega, A., & Cánovas, Á. (2022) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-022-00893-1 · Cited by 15
Preterm labour: association between labour physiology, tocolysis and prevention
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“All these findings allow us to infer that DHA supplementation in the last half of gestation reduces the risk of PTB and improves foetal outcome [83,84].”
Background
Fish oil supplemental dose needed to reach 1 g% DHA+EPA in mature milk
Stoutjesdijk, E., Schaafsma, A., Dijck-Brouwer, J., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2017) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2017.11.003 · Cited by 16
“It was previously shown that RBC DHA contents of 7.3 [37] and 7.2 g% [38] at the pregnancy end were reached by supplementing 600 mg DHA for 25 weeks and 1200 mg for 17 weeks, respectively.”
MethodInfluential
Maternal Vitamin D Status and Infant Infection
Moukarzel, S., Ozias, M. K., Kerling, E. H., Christifano, D. N., Wick, J., Colombo, J. A., & Carlson, S. E. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020111 · Cited by 15
“This study involved 220 mother–infant dyads who participated in the Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study (KUDOS)—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for which the primary goal was to determine whether prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation could improve pregnancy outcomes and inf…”
MethodSelf-citation
Validation of an abbreviated food frequency questionnaire for estimating DHA intake of pregnant women in the United States
Crawford, S., Christifano, D. N., Kerling, E. H., Gajewski, B. J., Valentine, C., Gustafson, K., Mathis, N., Camargo, J. T., Gibbs, H. A., Sullivan, D. K., et al. (2022) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102398 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Derived Oxylipins from the Lipoxygenase Pathway in Maternal and Umbilical Cord Plasma at Delivery and Their Relationship with Infant Growth
Thompson, M. K., Ulu, A., Yuil-Valdes, A. G., Mukherjee, M. S., Thoene, M. K., Ormer, M. V., Slotkowski, R., Lyden, E. R., Anderson‐Berry, A., Hanson, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020708 · Cited by 15
“A phase III randomized controlled trial in which a cohort of women received supplemental n-3 FAs during pregnancy revealed that this intervention increased infant birth weight, length, and head circumference [15].”
Background
DHA and Cognitive Development
Carlson, S. E., & Colombo, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab299 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association with Improved Maternal and Fetal Health
Bilgundi, K., Viswanatha, G. L., Purushottam, K. M., John, J., Kamath, A. P., Kishore, A., Nayak, P. G., & Nandakumar, K. (2024) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2024.06.008 · Cited by 14
Science-based policy: targeted nutrition for all ages and the role of bioactives
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“1 3 In addition to cognitive benefits of prenatal supplementation and evidence of differences in brain function in both prenatally and postnatally DHA exposure children, other benefits related to prenatal supplementation (despite what might be considered good postnatal supplementation) became apparent, including a red…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Analysis of hospital cost outcome of DHA-rich fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial
Ahmed, S., Makrides, M., Sim, N., McPhee, A., Quinlivan, J. A., Gibson, R. A., & Umberger, W. J. (2015) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2015.08.002 · Cited by 13
Dioxin-like Activity in Pregnant Women and Indices of Fetal Growth: The ACCEPT Birth Cohort
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Dietary patterns of early childhood and maternal socioeconomic status in a unique prospective sample from a randomized controlled trial of Prenatal DHA Supplementation
Hidaka, B. H., Kerling, E. H., Thodosoff, J. M., Sullivan, D. K., Colombo, J. A., & Carlson, S. E. (2016) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0729-0 · Cited by 13
“We are extensively phenotyping a cohort of children from a randomized controlled trial of high dose prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation [17].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Prenatal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation has long-term effects on childhood behavioral and brain responses during performance on an inhibitory task
Gustafson, K. M., Liao, K., Mathis, N. B., Shaddy, D. J., Kerling, E. H., Christifano, D. N., Colombo, J., & Carlson, S. E. (2020) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2020.1712535 · Cited by 13
“women with 600 mg/day DHA during the last two trimesters of pregnancy reduced early preterm birth [10], improved standardized measures of fetal heart rate variability and resulted in higher autonomic and motor scores”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hao, Y., Sun, X., Wen, N., Song, D., & Li, H. (2021) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms/141577 · Cited by 13
“The studies were excluded for the following reasons: no qualified studies (21), lack of clinical outcomes (27), review or theory research (8), and non-RCT studies (18).”
Background
Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations during pregnancy and childhood liver fat accumulation
Wahab, R. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Mezzoiuso, A. G., & Gaillard, R. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.012 · Cited by 13
Presentation and management of acute hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis in pregnancy: A case report
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An empirically derived dietary pattern associated with breast cancer risk is validated in a nested case-control cohort from a randomized primary prevention trial
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Self-citation
Maternal high-fat diet influences outcomes after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rodents
Barks, J., Liu, Y., Shangguan, Y., Djurić, Z., Ren, J., & Silverstein, F. S. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x15624934 · Cited by 13
“In randomized trials done at our institution and others, n-3 fatty acid supplementation resulted in slightly longer gestation and increased birth weight of infants.(42,43) There has been substantial enthusiasm for DHA supplementation to pregnant women and their infants; however, inconsistent clinical benefits have bee…”
Result
Maternal Aerobic Exercise, but Not Blood Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Concentrations, during Pregnancy Influence Infant Body Composition
Strom, C. J., McDonald, S. M., Remchak, M. E., Kew, K. A., Rushing, B. R., Houmard, J. A., Tulis, D. A., Pawlak, R., Kelley, G. A., Chasan‐Taber, L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148293 · Cited by 13
Vitamin B-6 Status in Unsupplemented Pregnant Women Is Associated Positively with Serum Docosahexaenoic Acid and Inversely with the n–6-to-n–3 Fatty Acid Ratio
Mujica-Coopman, M. F., Franco‐Sena, A. B., Farias, D. R., Vaz, J. D. S., Alex Brito, O., Kac, G., & Lamers, Y. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.239483 · Cited by 12
Impact of erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in early pregnancy on birth outcomes: findings from a Belgian cohort study
Hoge, A., Donneau, A., Dardenne, N., Degée, S., Timmermans, M., Nisolle, M., Guillaume, M., & Castronovo, V. (2020) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-019-0573-9 · Cited by 12
The effect of fish oil supplementation on serum phospholipid fatty acids profile during pregnancy: A double blind randomized controlled trial
Farshbaf‐Khalili, A., Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi, S., Darabi, M., Hemmatzadeh, S., Mehdizadeh, A., Shaaker, M., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2016) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2016.1159269 · Cited by 12
“It seems that the baseline serum levels of DHA and EPA may have a role on breaking of FAs from adipose tissue in pregnancy.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Neuroinflammation in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and related novel therapeutic approaches
Padilla-Valdez, M. M., Díaz-Iñiguez, M. I., Ortuño‐Sahagún, D., & Rojas-Mayorquín, A. E. (2023) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166854 · Cited by 10
Dietary sn-2 palmitate influences cognitive behavior by increasing the transport of liver-produced lysophosphatidylcholine VLCPUFAs to the brain
Wei, T., He, Y., Tan, D., Zeng, X., Hou, Y., Wang, J., Jiang, H., Deng, Z., & Li, J. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140955 · Cited by 12
Effect of Prenatal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Children With Overweight Condition or Obesity
Kerling, E. H., Hilton, J. M., Thodosoff, J. M., Wick, J., Colombo, J. A., & Carlson, S. E. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0088 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Commensurate Priors on a Finite Mixture Model for Incorporating Repository Data in Clinical Trials
Gajewski, B. J., Reese, C. S., Colombo, J. A., & Carlson, S. E. (2016) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2015.1133453 · Cited by 11
“A recently completed Phase III trial (called Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study, KUDOS) (Carlson et al. 2013) revealed that higher average birth weight and gestational age were associated with DHA supplementation of 600 mg/day in the second and third trimesters (see also Helland et al. 2001; Smuts et al. 2003; Makri…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Omega-3 LC-PUFA consumption is now recommended for women of childbearing age and during pregnancy to protect against preterm and early preterm birth: implementing this recommendation in a sustainable manner
Baker, E. J., Calder, P. C., Kermack, A., Brown, J. E., Mustapha, M., Kitson-Reynolds, E., & Garvey, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1502866 · Cited by 10
Maternal Nutrition and Birth Outcomes
Ramakrishnan, U., Young, M., & Martorell, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43739-2_22 · Cited by 256
Sicherheit und Risiken vegetarischer und veganer Ernährung in Schwangerschaft, Stillzeit und den ersten Lebensjahren
Jugendheilkunde, E. D. Ö. G. F. K. U., & Plank, R. (2018) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-018-0554-7 · Cited by 10
Omega-3 Consumption During Pregnancy to Support Optimal Outcomes
Judge, M. P. (2017) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.06.004 · Cited by 10
The Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid and α-Lipoic Acid as Prevention of Bortezomib-Related Neurotoxicity in Patients With Multiple Myeloma
Maschio, M. C. E., Zarabla, A., Maialetti, A., Marchesi, F., Giannarelli, D., Gumenyuk, S., Pisani, F., Renzi, D., Galiè, E., & Mengarelli, A. (2019) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735419888584 · Cited by 11
DHA supplementation during pregnancy enhances maternal vagally mediated cardiac autonomic control in humans
Christifano, D. N., Chollet-Hinton, L., Mathis, N. B., Gajewski, B. J., Carlson, S. E., Colombo, J., & Gustafson, K. M. (2022) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac178 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Metabolic Profiles of Pregnancy With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insights into Maternal-Fetal Metabolic Communication
Ge, H., Huang, D., Tan, L., Luo, D., Zhou, L., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, D., Wu, X., Wang, L., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf057 · Cited by 9
“This imbalance may impair the fetus ’ s acquisition of essential fatty acids, thereby affecting the brain (56, 57) and retinal development (58) and increasing the risk of premature labor or low birth weight (59).”
Dietary Fat and Fatty Acid Intake in Nulliparous Women: Associations with Preterm Birth and Distinctions by Maternal BMI
Robinson, D. T., Horn, L. V., Balmert, L. C., Silver, R. M., Parry, S. I., Haas, D. M., Wing, D. A., & Grobman, W. A. (2021) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzab074 · Cited by 9
“There is interest in supplementation as it has reportedly been associated with reduced frequency of PTB in some, but not all, clinical trials (9, 11).”
Background
The association between first-trimester omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and fetal growth trajectories
Vafai, Y., Yeung, E. H., Roy, A., He, D., Li, M., Hinkle, S. N., Grobman, W. A., Newman, R., Gleason, J. L., Ayele, F. T., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.08.007 · Cited by 11
Systemic Effects of Prenatal Carotenoid Supplementation in the Mother and her Child: The Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Pregnancy (L-ZIP) Randomized Trial —Report Number 1
Addo, E. K., Allman, S. J., Arunkumar, R., Gorka, J. E., Harrison, D. Y., Varner, M. W., & Bernstein, P. S. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.024 · Cited by 9
Modulation of prenatal stress via docosahexaenoic acid supplementation: implications for child mental health
Keenan, K. E., & Hipwell, A. E. (2015) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuu020 · Cited by 9
Typical Prenatal Vitamin D Supplement Intake Does Not Prevent Decrease of Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D at Birth
Ozias, M. K., Kerling, E. H., Christifano, D. N., Scholtz, S. A., Colombo, J. A., & Carlson, S. E. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.879843 · Cited by 11
“A primary aim of the parent study was to determine whether a daily supplement of 600 mg of DHA during pregnancy affected gestation duration and birth size; therefore, we included red blood cell phospholipid DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids as a covariate [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Maternal and fetal benefits of DHA supplementation during pregnancy
Hubinont, C., & Savoye, T. (2017) · Journal of Pregnancy and Reproduction · doi:10.15761/jpr.1000103 · Cited by 9
“In a double blind RCT including 350 women receiving either 600mg/d DHA or placebo, the authors found that supplementation during the last half of gestation resulted in overall greater gestation duration and infant size [8].”
Background
Supplementation of Maternal Diets with Docosahexaenoic Acid and Methylating Vitamins Impacts Growth and Development of Fetuses from Malnourished Gilts
Lima, H. K., Lin, X., Jacobi, S. K., Man, C., Sommer, J. R., Flowers, W. L., Blikslager, A. T., Gonzalez, L. M., & Odle, J. (2017) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/cdn.117.001958 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, although the importance of omega 3’s in brain development is well established (29) and choline has been implicated in brain development (30), this may indicate a synergistic role for B-vitamins in supporting brain development in utero, as supplementation with a B-vitamin cocktail was able to normalize br…”
Background
DHA Improves neurodevelopmental abnormalities in offspring of gestational diabetes mellitus patients via the PPAR-γ/FATP4 pathway
Jiang, Y., Zhou, X., He, Z., Wei, L., Zhu, S., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Du, Y., Ding, W., et al. (2024) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116726 · Cited by 9
Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the effect of omega-3 on embryonic implantation in an experimental mouse model
Sarsmaz, K., Göker, A., Mıçılı, S. Ç., Ergür, B. U., & Kuşçu, N. K. (2016) · Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2016.04.011 · Cited by 8
“High omega-3 diets appear to cause growth retardation [21] or to increase birth weight [22].”
Background
The Influence of Prenatal DHA Supplementation on Individual Domains of Behavioral Functioning in School-Aged Children: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Gould, J. F., Anderson, P. J., Yelland, L. N., Gibson, R. A., & Makrides, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13092996 · Cited by 10
Omega-3 fatty acids and fetal brain development: implications for maternal nutrition, mechanisms of cognitive function, and pediatric depression
Ghazal, R. M., & Naffaa, M. M. (2025) · Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy · doi:10.37349/ent.2025.1004107 · Cited by 12
Harmonizing blood DHA levels in pregnancy studies: An interlaboratory investigation
Jackson, K. H., & Harris, W. S. (2022) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102417 · Cited by 7
Higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early pregnancy is associated with lower risk for depression at 12 months postpartum: The NuPED study
Osuna, E., Symington, E. A., Malan, L., Ricci, C., Zandberg, L., Smuts, C. M., & Baumgartner, J. (2023) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102528 · Cited by 7
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Across Three Generations Adversely Influences Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Cardiometabolic Markers in Rats
Khaire, A. A., Rathod, R. S., Kale, A. A., & Joshi, S. (2016) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.10.006 · Cited by 7
Comparison of dichotomized and distributional approaches in rare event clinical trial design: a fixed Bayesian design
Lei, Y., Carlson, S. E., Yelland, L. N., Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., & Gajewski, B. J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664763.2016.1214244 · Cited by 7
“1%, difference = 3%) based on our previous clinical trial results [2].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Impaired SREBP1-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism promotes inflammation in chronic endometritis
Matsuda, S., Kuwabara, Y., Taketomi, Y., Nagasaki, Y., Sugita, Y., Suzuki, S., Manabe, I., Murakami, M., & Oishi, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1547949 · Cited by 7
Global Comparison of Erythrocyte EPA and DHA Concentrations in Pregnant Women
Deutsch, T., Harris, W. S., Jackson, K. H., Hahn, A., & Schuchardt, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101299 · Cited by 6
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid): A Biomolecule with Diverse Roles and Health Benefits
Hei, A., & Sanahanbi, L. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.109677 · Cited by 7

Authors: Carlson, S. E., Colombo, J., Gajewski, B. J., Gustafson, K. M., Mundy, D., Yeast, J., Georgieff, M. K., Markley, L. A., Kerling, E. H., & Shaddy, D. J.
Affiliations: University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
University of Kansas (US)
University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
ORCID: Carlson, Susan E
Colombo, John
Gajewski, Byron J
Gustafson, Kathleen M
Mundy, David
Georgieff, Michael K
Kerling, Elizabeth H
Shaddy, D Jill
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-04
Volume: 97
Issue: 4
Pages: 808-815
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.050021
PMC: PMC3607655
OpenAlex: W2136748312
Cited by: 329
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 6
FWCI: 30.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3612 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (P30DC005803)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD02528, R01HD047315, P30HD002528)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: docosahexaenoic acid, DHA supplementation, pregnancy, omega-3 fatty acids, gestation length, birth weight, birth length, preterm birth, very low birth weight, red blood cell phospholipids, supplement safety
MeSH terms: Adult, Birth Weight, Body Height, Dietary Fats, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Double-Blind Method, Erythrocytes, Female, Gestational Age, Head, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Length of Stay, Phospholipids, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Umbilical Cord, Dietary Supplements, Fetal Development, Premature Birth, Young Adult

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