Cited by 396Amino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismMuscle metabolism and nutritionDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

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Emerging Perspectives on Essential Amino Acid Metabolism in Obesity and the Insulin-Resistant State

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Adams, Sean H.·2011·Advances in Nutrition

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Abstract

Dysregulation of insulin action is most often considered in the context of impaired glucose homeostasis, with the defining feature of diabetes mellitus being elevated blood glucose concentration. Complications arising from the hyperglycemia accompanying frank diabetes are well known and epidemiological studies point to higher risk toward development of metabolic disease in persons with impaired glucose tolerance. Although the central role of proper blood sugar control in maintaining metabolic health is well established, recent developments have begun to shed light on associations between compromised insulin action [obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] and altered intermediary metabolism of fats and amino acids. For amino acids, changes in blood concentrations of select essential amino acids and their derivatives, in particular BCAA, sulfur amino acids, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, are apparent with obesity and insulin resistance, often before the onset of clinically diagnosed T2DM. This review provides an overview of these changes and places recent observations from metabolomics research into the context of historical reports in the areas of biochemistry and nutritional biology. Based on this synthesis, a model is proposed that links the FFA-rich environment of obesity/insulin resistance and T2DM with diminution of BCAA catabolic enzyme activity, changes in methionine oxidation and cysteine/cystine generation, and tissue redox balance (NADH/NAD+).

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Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance
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Branched-chain amino acid catabolism fuels adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis
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Altered amino acid concentrations in NAFLD: Impact of obesity and insulin resistance
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Authors: Adams, S. H.
Affiliations: Agricultural Research Service (US)
Corresponding author: Adams, Sean H.
ORCID: Adams, Sean H.
Venue: Advances in Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 2
Issue: 6
Pages: 445-456
ISSN: 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
2161-8313
DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000737
PMC: PMC3226382
OpenAlex: W1995187187
Cited by: 394
References: 143
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 2.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3740 d)
Locations: Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Agriculture (5306‐51530‐019‐00, 5306‐51530‐019)
National Institutes of Health
Agricultural Research Service (5306‐51530‐019‐00)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK078328-02S, R01DK078328)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, branched-chain amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine oxidation, redox homeostasis, free fatty acids, metabolomics, impaired glucose tolerance
MeSH terms: Amino Acids, Sulfur, Transaminases, Animals, Cysteine, Cystine, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Methionine, Models, Biological, Obesity, Oxidation-Reduction, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Oxidative Stress, Amino Acids, Aromatic, 3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)

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Emerging Perspectives on Essential Amino Acid Metabolism in Obesity and the Insulin-Resistant State

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