Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance
Open accessAbstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrient signals that have direct and indirect effects. Frequently, BCAAs have been reported to mediate antiobesity effects, especially in rodent models. However, circulating levels of BCAAs tend to be increased in individuals with obesity and are associated with worse metabolic health and future insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A hypothesized mechanism linking increased levels of BCAAs and T2DM involves leucine-mediated activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which results in uncoupling of insulin signalling at an early stage. A BCAA dysmetabolism model proposes that the accumulation of mitotoxic metabolites (and not BCAAs per se) promotes β-cell mitochondrial dysfunction, stress signalling and apoptosis associated with T2DM. Alternatively, insulin resistance might promote aminoacidaemia by increasing the protein degradation that insulin normally suppresses, and/or by eliciting an impairment of efficient BCAA oxidative metabolism in some tissues. Whether and how impaired BCAA metabolism might occur in obesity is discussed in this Review. Research on the role of individual and model-dependent differences in BCAA metabolism is needed, as several genes (BCKDHA, PPM1K, IVD and KLF15) have been designated as candidate genes for obesity and/or T2DM in humans, and distinct phenotypes of tissue-specific branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex activity have been detected in animal models of obesity and T2DM.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Metabolomic studies of GDM consistently report alterations in circulating metabolites, particularly branched-chain amino acids.
“Metabolomic studies of GDM have consistently reported alterations in circulating metabolites, particularly branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs).”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [42]
The “BCAA dysmetabolism” section reports increased circulating BCAAs in people with insulin-resistant obesity or untreated type 2 diabetes. That supports a related metabolite finding, but the passages do not establish that metabolomic studies of gestational diabetes (GDM) consistently report it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElevated BCAA levels are associated with insulin resistance, mitochondrial stress, and dysregulated mTOR signaling.
“Elevated BCAA levels are associated with insulin resistance, mitochondrial stress, and dysregulated mTOR signaling, pathways that are critically involved in placental nutrient sensing and fetal metabolic programming.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [42]
The Conclusions associate elevated circulating BCAAs with insulin resistance, but describe mTORC1 activation as a proposed mechanism that is not necessary or sufficient to cause it. The Abstract and BCAA dysmetabolism section attribute mitochondrial dysfunction to accumulated BCAA metabolites, not elevated BCAAs themselves. The paper therefore supports the broad association but not the unqualified linkage to all three outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine play a key role in modulating insulin sensitivity.
“Interestingly, accumulating data indicate that the branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, play a key role in modulating insulin sensitivity (81).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [81]
High consumption of leucine, isoleucine, and valine is associated with an 11-13% increased risk of type 2 diabetes in three large prospective cohort studies.
“The circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids are elevated in insulin resistant humans and rodents, and high consumption of leucine, isoleucine, valine is associated with a 11–13% increased risk of type 2 diabetes in three large prospective cohort studies (81).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [81]
Circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids are elevated in insulin-resistant humans and rodents.
“The circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids are elevated in insulin resistant humans and rodents, and high consumption of leucine, isoleucine, valine is associated with a 11–13% increased risk of type 2 diabetes in three large prospective cohort studies (81).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [81]
In humans, elevated serum levels of branched-chain amino acids are generally associated with insulin resistance.
“However, these mechanisms have been put into question by studies conducted in human beings, where elevated serum levels of BCAA are generally associated with insulin resistance [57].”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
Animal studies have demonstrated that increased production of branched-chain amino acids by the microbiota, typical of a normalized Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and protein synthesis.
“In fact, animal studies have demonstrated that an increased production of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) by the microbiota, typical of a normalized Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and protein synthesis [57].”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Newgard, C. B., An, J., Bain, J. R., Muehlbauer, M. J., Stevens, R. D., Lien, L. F., Haqq, A. M., Shah, S. H., Arlotto, M., Slentz, C. A., et al. (2009) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.02.002 · Cited by 3,165 · see citing works
Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes
Wang, T. J., Larson, M. G., Vasan, R. S., Cheng, S., Rhee, E. P., McCabe, E., Lewis, G. D., Fox, C. S., Jacques, P. F., Fernandez, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2307 · Cited by 3,143 · see citing works
Prolonged Rapamycin Treatment Inhibits mTORC2 Assembly and Akt/PKB
Sarbassov, D. D., Ali, S. M., Sengupta, S., Sheen, J.-H., Hsu, P. P., Bagley, A. F., Markhard, A. L., & Sabatini, D. M. (2006) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.03.029 · Cited by 2,659 · see citing works
Koves, T. R., Ussher, J. R., Noland, R. C., Slentz, D., Mosedale, M., Ilkayeva, O., Bain, J., Stevens, R., Dyck, J. R. B., Newgard, C. B., et al. (2008) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.013 · Cited by 1,990 · see citing works
Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity
Um, S. H., Frigerio, F., Watanabe, M., Picard, F., Joaquin, M., Sticker, M., Fumagalli, S., Allegrini, P. R., Kozma, S. C., Auwerx, J., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02866 · Cited by 1,677 · see citing works
Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Regulates Food Intake
Cota, D., Proulx, K., Smith, K. A. B., Kozma, S. C., Thomas, G., Woods, S. C., & Seeley, R. J. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1124147 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Rapamycin-Induced Insulin Resistance Is Mediated by mTORC2 Loss and Uncoupled from Longevity
Lamming, D. W., Ye, L., Katajisto, P., Goncalves, M. D., Saitoh, M., Stevens, D. M., Davis, J. G., Salmon, A. B., Richardson, A., Ahima, R. S., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1215135 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance
Newgard, C. B. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.024 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism
Harper, A. E., Miller, R. H., & Block, K. P. (1984) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002205 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
A guide to analysis of mouse energy metabolism
Tschöp, M. H., Speakman, J. R., Arch, J. R. S., Auwerx, J., Brüning, J. C., Chan, L., Eckel, R. H., Farese, R. V., Galgani, J. E., Hambly, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1806 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Plasma Amino Acid Levels and Insulin Secretion in Obesity
Felig, P., Marliss, E., & Cahill, G. F. (1969) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196910092811503 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
The mTOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis
Wang, X., & Proud, C. G. (2006) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00024.2006 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism
Yudkoff, M. (1999) · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Nutrient overload, insulin resistance, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, S6K1
Um, S. H., D'Alessio, D., & Thomas, G. (2006) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.05.003 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 is inhibitory for autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes
Blommaart, E. F. C., Luiken, J. J. F. P., Blommaart, P. J. E., van Woerkom, G. M., & Meijer, A. J. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.5.2320 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Regulation of mTORC1 and its impact on gene expression at a glance
Laplante, M., & Sabatini, D. M. (2013) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.125773 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Adams, S. H., Hoppel, C. L., Lok, K. H., Zhao, L., Wong, S. W., Minkler, P. E., Hwang, D. H., Newman, J. W., & Garvey, W. T. (2009) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.103754 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Self-citationMelatonin, energy metabolism, and obesity: a review
Cipolla‐Neto, J., do Amaral, F. G., Afeche, S. C., Tan, D. X., & Reiter, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12137 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Metabolite Profiling Identifies Pathways Associated With Metabolic Risk in Humans
Cheng, S. C., Rhee, E. P., Larson, M. G., Lewis, G. D., McCabe, E. L., Shen, D., Palma, M. J., Roberts, L. D., Dejam, A., Souza, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.067827 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Metabolic Footprint of Diabetes: A Multiplatform Metabolomics Study in an Epidemiological Setting
Suhre, K., Meisinger, C., Döring, A., Altmaier, E., Belcredi, P., Gieger, C., Chang, D., Milburn, M. V., Gall, W. E., Weinberger, K. M., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013953 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study identifies multiple loci influencing human serum metabolite levels
Kettunen, J., Tukiainen, T., Sarin, A.-P., Ortega-Alonso, A., Tikkanen, E., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Kangas, A. J., Soininen, P., Würtz, P., Silander, K., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.1073 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Guo, K., LeBlanc, R. E., Loh, D., Schwartz, G. J., & Yu, Y. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0123 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Brain Function
Fernstrom, J. D. (2005) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.6.1539s · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Latres, E., Amini, A. R., Amini, A. A., Griffiths, J. S., Martin, F. J., Wei, Y., Lin, H. C., Yancopouloš, G., & Glass, D. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m407517200 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
She, P., Horn, C. V., Reid, T., Hutson, S. M., Cooney, R. N., & Lynch, C. J. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00134.2007 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Self-citationGreenhaff, P. L., Karagounis, L. G., Peirce, N., Simpson, E. J., Hazell, M., Layfield, R., Wackerhage, H., Smith, K., Atherton, P., Selby, A., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90411.2008 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Tai, E. S., Tan, M. L. S., Stevens, R. D., Low, Y.-L., Muehlbauer, M. J., Goh, D. L. M., Ilkayeva, O., Wenner, B. R., Bain, J. R., Lee, J. J. M., et al. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1637-8 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Circadian Disruption Leads to Insulin Resistance and Obesity
Shi, S.-Q., Ansari, T. S., McGuinness, O. P., Wasserman, D. H., & Johnson, C. H. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.048 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
McCormack, S. E., Shaham, O., McCarthy, M. A., Deik, A., Wang, T. J., Gerszten, R. E., Clish, C. B., Mootha, V. K., Grinspoon, S. K., & Fleischman, A. (2012) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00087.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Fiehn, O., Garvey, W. T., Newman, J. W. I., Lok, K. H., Hoppel, C. L., & Adams, S. H. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015234 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipose Tissue Branched Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) Metabolism Modulates Circulating BCAA Levels
Herman, M. A., She, P., Peroni, O. D., Lynch, C. J., & Kahn, B. B. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.075184 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging perspectives on essential amino acid metabolism in obesity and the insulin-resistant state
Adams, S. H. (2011) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.111.000737 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Laferrère, B., Reilly, D., Arias, S., Swerdlow, N. J., Gorroochurn, P., Bawa, B., Bose, M., Teixeira, J. A., Stevens, R. D., Wenner, B. R., et al. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002043 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
A Systems Genetics Approach Identifies Genes and Pathways for Type 2 Diabetes in Human Islets
Taneera, J., Lang, S., Sharma, A., Fadista, J., Zhou, Y., Ahlqvist, E., Jonsson, A. E., Lyssenko, V., Vikman, P. J., Hansson, O., et al. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.006 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
She, P., Reid, T., Bronson, S. K., Vary, T. C., Hajnal, A. S., Lynch, C. J., & Hutson, S. M. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.003 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Self-citationSignaling pathways perturbing muscle mass.
Glass, D. J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32833862df · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Millward, D. J., Layman, D. K., Tomé, D., & Schaafsma, G. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1576s · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Shah, S. H., Crosslin, D. R., Haynes, C. S., Nelson, S. C., Turer, C. B., Stevens, R. D., Muehlbauer, M. J., Wenner, B. R., Bain, J. R., Laferrère, B., et al. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2356-5 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Potential Importance of Leucine in Treatment of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Layman, D. K., & Lasker, D. A. W. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.319s · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Leucine Regulates Translation Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle after Exercise
Norton, L. E., & Layman, D. K. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.2.533s · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Lackey, D. E., Lynch, C. J., Olson, K. C., Mostaedi, R., Ali, M., Smith, W. H., Karpe, F., Humphreys, S. M., Bedinger, D., Dunn, T. N., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00630.2012 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Signatures of Insulin Resistance in 7,098 Young Adults
Würtz, P., Mäkinen, V., Soininen, P., Kangas, A. J., Tukiainen, T., Kettunen, J., Savolainen, M. J., Tammelin, T., Viikari, J. S. A., Rönnemaa, T., et al. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1355 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Pietiläinen, K. H., Naukkarinen, J., Rissanen, A., Saharinen, J., Ellonen, P., Keränen, H., Suomalainen, A., Götz, A., Suortti, T., Yki‐Järvinen, H., et al. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050051 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Leucine and mTORC1: a complex relationship
Dodd, K. M., & Tee, A. R. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00525.2011 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Stančáková, A., Civelek, M., Saleem, N. K., Soininen, P., Kangas, A. J., Cederberg, H., Paananen, J., Pihlajamäki, J., Bonnycastle, L. L., Morken, M. A., et al. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1378 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Bidirectional association between depression and obesity in middle–aged and older women
Pan, A., Sun, Q., Czernichow, S., Kivimaki, M., Okereke, O. I., Lucas, M., Manson, J. E., Ascherio, A., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.111 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Macotela, Y., Emanuelli, B., Bång, A. M., Espinoza, D., Boucher, J., Beebe, K. D., Gall, W., & Kahn, C. R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021187 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Fryburg, D. A., Jahn, L. A., Hill, S. A., Oliveras, D. M., & Barrett, E. J. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118217 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
New onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT): an overview
Pham, P.-T., Pham, P.-M. T., & Pham, P. (2011) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s19027 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Blouet, C., Jo, Y., Li, X., & Schwartz, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1668-09.2009 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Branched chain amino acids are novel biomarkers for discrimination of metabolic wellness
Batch, B. C., Shah, S. H., Newgard, C. B., Turer, C. B., Haynes, C. S., Bain, J. R., Muehlbauer, M. J., Patel, M. J., Stevens, R. D., Appel, L. J., et al. (2013) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.007 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Lu, G., Sun, H., She, P., Youn, J.-Y., Warburton, S., Ping, P., Vondriska, T. M., Cai, H. “., Lynch, C. J., & Wang, Y. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci38151 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationTracer priming the bicarbonate pool
Allsop, J. R., Wolfe, R. R., & Burke, J. F. (1978) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1978.45.1.137 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Muto, Y., Sato, S., WATANABE, A., et al. (2006) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1016/j.hepres.2006.04.007 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Plasma Amino Acid Levels and Insulin Secretion in Obesity
Felig, P. (1970) · Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/labmed/1.9.39 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Dietary Protein Impact on Glycemic Control during Weight Loss
Layman, D. K., & Baum, J. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.4.968s · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Mordier, S. B., Deval, C., Béchet, D., Tassa, A., & Ferrara, M. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m003633200 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Branched-chain amino acid metabolism in heart disease: an epiphenomenon or a real culprit?
Huang, Y., Zhou, M., Sun, H., & Wang, Y. (2011) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvr070 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Effect of poor diabetic control and obesity on whole body protein metabolism in man
Nair, K. S., Garrow, J. S., Ford, C., Mahler, R., & Halliday, D. (1983) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00282518 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Overview of the Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism
Harris, R. A., Joshi, M., Jeoung, N. H., & Obayashi, M. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.6.1527s · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Strauss, K. A., Wardley, B. L., Robinson, D., Hendrickson, C. L., Rider, N. L., Puffenberger, E. G., Shelmer, D., Moser, A. B., & Morton, D. H. (2009) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.12.007 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Mazariegos, G. V., Morton, D. H., Sindhi, R. K., Soltys, K. A., Nayyar, N. S., Bond, G., Shellmer, D. A., Shneider, B. L., Vockley, J. E., & Strauss, K. A. (2011) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.033 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Leucine is a direct-acting nutrient signal that regulates protein synthesis in adipose tissue.
Lynch, C., Patson, B., Anthony, J. C., Vaval, A., Jefferson, L., & Vary, T. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2002 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase
Paxton, R., & Harris, R. A. (1984) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(84)90361-8 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Influence of dietary deprivations on plasma concentration of free amino acids of man.
Adibi, S. A. (1968) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1968.25.1.52 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Genetics of type 2 diabetes: pathophysiologic and clinical relevance
Herder, C., & Roden, M. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02454.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Lefort, N., Glancy, B., Bowen, B., Willis, W. T., Bailowitz, Z., De Filippis, E. A., Brophy, C., Meyer, C., Højlund, K., Yi, Z., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0174 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Three targets of branched-chain amino acid supplementation in the treatment of liver disease
Holeček, M. (2010) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.06.027 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Chen, Q., & Reimer, R. A. (2008) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.08.012 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Lü, G., Ren, S. V., Kôrge, P., Choi, J., Dong, Y., Weiss, J. N., Koehler, C. M., Chen, J., & Wang, Y. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1499107 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Dual mechanism of brain injury and novel treatment strategy in maple syrup urine disease
Zinnanti, W. J., Lazović, J., Griffin, K., Skvorak, K. J., Paul, H. S., Homanics, G. E., Bewley, M. C., Cheng, K. C., LaNoue, K. F., & Flanagan, J. M. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp024 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Targeting Pyruvate Carboxylase Reduces Gluconeogenesis and Adiposity and Improves Insulin Resistance
Kumashiro, N., Beddow, S. A., Vatner, D. F., Majumdar, S. K., Cantley, J. L., Guebre‐Egziabher, F., Fat, I., Guigni, B. A., Jurczak, M. J., Birkenfeld, A. L., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1311 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Brain Insulin Lowers Circulating BCAA Levels by Inducing Hepatic BCAA Catabolism
Shin, A. C., Faßhauer, M., Filatova, N., Grundell, L. A., Zieliński, E., Zhou, J.-Y., Scherer, T., Lindtner, C., White, P. J., Lapworth, A. L., et al. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.003 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationProtein, amino acids and the control of food intake
Potier, M., Darcel, N., & Tomé, D. (2008) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32831b9e01 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Dietary Guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult protein needs
Layman, D. K. (2009) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-6-12 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Li, H., Xu, M., Lee, J., He, C., & Xie, Z. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00198.2012 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Brainstem Nutrient Sensing in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Inhibits Feeding
Blouet, C., & Schwartz, G. J. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Tiffin, N. (2006) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkl381 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Insulinotropic agent ID-1101 (4-hydroxyisoleucine) activates insulin signaling in rat
Broca, C., Breil, V., Cruciani‐Guglielmacci, C., Manteghetti, M., Rouault, C., Derouet, M., Rizkalla, S. W., Pau, B., Petit, P., Ribes, G., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2003 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Doi, M., Yamaoka, I., Nakayama, M., Sugahara, K., & Yoshizawa, F. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00609.2006 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Defining meal requirements for protein to optimize metabolic roles of amino acids
Layman, D., Anthony, T., Rasmussen, B., Adams, S., Lynch, C., Brinkworth, G., & Davis, T. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084053 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationHong, L., Rabaglia, M. E., Stoehr, J. P., Nadler, S. T., Schueler, K. L., Zou, F., Yandell, B. S., & Attie, A. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.3.688 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Insulin and amino acids independently stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs
O’Connor, P. M. J., Bush, J. A., Suryawan, A., Nguyen, H. V., & Davis, T. A. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2002 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Qin, L., Xun, P., Bujnowski, D., Daviglus, M. L., Horn, L. V., Stamler, J., & He, K. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.128520 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Doi, M., Yamaoka, I., Nakayama, M., Mochizuki, S., Sugahara, K., & Yoshizawa, F. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.9.2103 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Effects of branched‐chain amino acids on protein turnover
May, M. E., & Buse, M. G. (1989) · Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmr.5610050303 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Leucine in food mediates some of the postprandial rise in plasma leptin concentrations
Lynch, C. J., Gern, B., Lloyd, C., Hutson, S. M., Eicher, R., & Vary, T. C. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00462.2005 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum and Adipose Tissue Amino Acid Homeostasis in the Metabolically Healthy Obese
Badoud, F., Lam, K. P., DiBattista, A., Perreault, M., Zulyniak, M. A., Cattrysse, B., Stephenson, S., Britz‐McKibbin, P., & Mutch, D. M. (2014) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr500416v · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Leucine attenuates skeletal muscle wasting via inhibition of ubiquitin ligases
Baptista, I. L., Leal, M. L., Artioli, G. G., Aoki, M. S., Fiamoncini, J., Turri, A. O., Curi, R., Miyabara, E. H., & Moriscot, A. S. (2010) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21578 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Blanchard, P.-G., Festuccia, W. T., Houde, V. P., St‐Pierre, P., Brûlé, S., Turcotte, V., Côté, M., Bellmann, K., Marette, A., & Deshaies, Y. (2012) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m021485 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism in Exercise and Liver Disease
Shimomura, Y., Honda, T., Shiraki, M., Murakami, T., Sato, J., Kobayashi, H., Mawatari, K., Obayashi, M., & Harris, R. A. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.250s · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Norton, L. E., Wilson, G. J., Layman, D. K., Moulton, C. J., & Garlick, P. J. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-67 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Shimomura, Y., Obayashi, M., Murakami, T., & Harris, R. A. (2001) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200109000-00013 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Increased Adipose Protein Carbonylation in Human Obesity
Frohnert, B. I., Sinaiko, A. R., Serrot, F. J., Foncea, R. E., Moran, A., Ikramuddin, S., Choudry, U. H., & Bernlohr, D. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.115 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Magkos, F., Bradley, D. P., Schweitzer, G. G., Finck, B. N., Eagon, J. C., Ilkayeva, O., Newgard, C. B., & Klein, S. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0185 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Oyarzábal, A., Martínez‐Pardo, M., Merinero, B., Navarrete, R., Desviat, L. R., Ugarte, M., & Rodríguez‐Pombo, P. (2012) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.22242 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Nawabi, M., Block, K. P., Chakrabarti, M. C., & Buse, M. G. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114421 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Klimčáková, E., Roussel, B., Márquez-Quiñones, A., Kováčová, Z., Kováčiková, M., Combes, M., Šiklová, M., Hejnová, J., Šrámková, P., Bouloumié, A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1575 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Salehi, A. A., Gunnerud, U., Muhammed, S. J., Östman, E. M., Holst, J. J., Björck, I., & Rorsman, P. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-48 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Role of KLF15 in Regulation of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Metformin Action
Takashima, M., Ogawa, W., Hayashi, K., Inoue, H., Kinoshita, S., Okamoto, Y., Sakaue, H., Wataoka, Y., Emi, A., Senga, Y., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-1679 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Sarcopenic obesity in the elderly and strategies for weight management
Li, Z., & Heber, D. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00453.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Bromocriptine: old drug, new formulation and new indication
Holt, R. I. G., Barnett, A. H., & Bailey, C. J. (2010) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01304.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Protein Carbonylation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Insulin Resistance
Frohnert, B. I., & Bernlohr, D. (2013) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.112.003319 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Leucine and Protein Metabolism in Obese Zucker Rats
She, P., Olson, K. C., Kadota, Y., Inukai, A., Shimomura, Y., Hoppel, C. L., Adams, S. H., Kawamata, Y., Matsumoto, H., Sakai, R., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059443 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationMojtahedi, M. C., Thorpe, M. P., Karampinos, D. C., Johnson, C. L., Layman, D. K., Georgiadis, J. G., & Evans, E. M. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr120 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Elbein, S. C., Kern, P. A., Rasouli, N., Yao‐Borengasser, A., Sharma, N. K., & Das, S. K. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1270 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Overnight branched-chain amino acid infusion causes sustained suppression of muscle proteolysis
Louard, R. J., Barrett, E. J., & Gelfand, R. (1995) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90047-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
WILLIAMSON, J. R., Wałajtys-Rode, E., & Coll, K. E. (1979) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86514-6 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Nairizi, A., She, P., Vary, T. C., & Lynch, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.100081 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationGillim, S. E., Paxton, R., Cook, G. A., & Harris, R. A. (1983) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(83)80119-3 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Gastric Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Regulates Ghrelin Production and Food Intake
Xu, G., Li, Y., An, W., Li, S., Guan, Y., Wang, N., Tang, C., Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Li, X., et al. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-0372 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Nutrient Signaling Components Controlling Protein Synthesis in Striated Muscle ,
Vary, T. C., & Lynch, C. J. (2007) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.8.1835 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationα-Ketoisocaproic acid and leucine provoke mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction in rat brain
Amaral, A. U., Leipnitz, G., Fernandes, C. G., et al. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.018 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Guo, K., Yu, Y., Hou, J., & Zhang, Y. (2010) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-57 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Caballero, B. H., Finer, N., & Wurtman, R. J. (1988) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(88)90089-3 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Ruskovska, T., & Bernlohr, D. (2013) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-37754-6.50245-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bridi, R., Braun, C. A., Zorzi, G. K., et al. (2005) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-005-4152-8 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Effects of Leucine on in Vitro Protein Synthesis and Degradation in Rat Skeletal Muscles
Hong, S.-O. C., & Layman, D. K. (1984) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/114.7.1204 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Bridi, R., Araldi, J., Sgarbi, M. B., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(03)00074-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Abnormal protein turnover and anabolic resistance to exercise in sarcopenic obesity
Nilsson, M. I., Dobson, J. P., Greene, N. P., Wiggs, M. P., Shimkus, K. L., Wudeck, E. V., Davis, A. R., Laureano, M. L., & Fluckey, J. D. (2013) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.12-224006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Xu, M., Qi, Q., Liang, J., Bray, G. A., Hu, F. B., Sacks, F. M., & Qi, L. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.000586 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Hung, C., Rivera, M., Craddock, N. J., Owen, M. J., Gill, M., Korszun, A., Maier, W., Mors, O. N., Preisig, M., Rice, J. P., et al. (2014) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.130419 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Maki, T., Yamamoto, D., Nakanishi, S., Iida, K., Iguchi, G., Takahashi, Y., Kaji, H., Chihara, K., & Okimura, Y. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.07.005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Long, E. K., Olson, D. M., & Bernlohr, D. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.030 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effect of a High‐fat Diet on 24‐Hour Pattern of Circulating Adipocytokines in Rats
Cano, P., Cardinali, D. P., Ríos-Lugo, M. J., Fernández‐Mateos, P., Toso, C. F. R., & Esquifino, A. I. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.200 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis in organic acidurias: insights from human and animal studies
Wajner, M., & Goodman, S. I. (2011) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-011-9324-0 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Crandall, E. A., & Fernstrom, J. D. (1983) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.32.3.222 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Multi-tissue, selective PPARγ modulation of insulin sensitivity and metabolic pathways in obese rats
Hsiao, G., Chapman, J., Ofrecio, J. M., Wilkes, J. J., Resnik, J. L., Thapar, D., Subramaniam, S., & Sears, D. D. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00219.2010 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Isolated Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: An Unrecognized Defect in Human Valine Metabolism
Roe, C. R., Cederbaum, S. D., Roe, D. S., et al. (1998) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1006/mgme.1998.2758 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Harris, R. A., Zhang, B., Goodwin, G. W., et al. (1990) · Advances in Enzyme Regulation · doi:10.1016/0065-2571(90)90021-s · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sugawara, T., Ito, Y., NISHIZAWA, N., & Nagasawa, T. (2008) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0180-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The role of mTOR in the adaptation and failure of β‐cells in type 2 diabetes
Leibowitz, G., Cerasi, E., & Ketzinel‐Gilad, M. (2008) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00952.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Leskinen, T., Rinnankoski-Tuikka, R., Rintala, M., Seppänen-Laakso, T., Pöllänen, E., Alen, M., Sipilä, S., Kaprio, J., Kovanen, V., Rahkila, P., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012609 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Physiological covalent regulation of rat liver branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase
Harris, R. A., Powell, S. M., Paxton, R., Gillim, S. E., & Nagae, H. (1985) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(85)90531-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Regulation of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid pathway in liver.
Corkey, B. E., Martín‐Requero, Á., Wałajtys-Rode, E., et al. (1982) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34125-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Torres‐Leal, F. L., Fonseca‐Alaniz, M. H., Teodoro, G. F. R., de Capitani, M. D., Vianna, D., Pantaleão, L. C., de Matos‐Neto, E. M., Rogero, M. M., Donato, J., & Tirapegui, J. (2011) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-62 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Regulation of Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase Expression in Rat Liver
Harris, R. A., Kobayashi, R., Murakami, T., & Shimomura, Y. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.841s · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Kawaguchi, T., Taniguchi, E., & Sata, M. (2013) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533613496432 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gyürüs, É., Kaposztas, Z., & Kahan, B. D. (2011) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.05.001 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Clofibric acid stimulates branched-chain amino acid catabolism by three mechanisms
Kobayashi, R., Murakami, T., Obayashi, M., Nakai, N., Jaskiewicz, J. A., Fujiwara, Y., Shimomura, Y., & Harris, R. A. (2002) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00472-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kuzuya, T., Katano, Y., Nakano, I., Hirooka, Y., Ito, A., Ishigami, M., Hayashi, K., Honda, T., Goto, H., Fujita, Y., et al. (2008) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.167 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Hayaishi, S., Chung, H., Kudo, M., Ishikawa, E., Takita, M., 上田, 泰., Kitai, S., Inoue, T., Yada, N., Hagiwara, S., et al. (2011) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000327571 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Laeger, T., Reed, S. D., Henagan, T. M., Fernandez, D. H., Taghavi, M., Addington, A. K., Münzberg, H., Martin, R. J., Hutson, S. M., & Morrison, C. D. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00116.2014 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Funchal, C., Latini, A., Jacques-Silva, M. C., dos Santos, A. Q., Buzin, L., Gottfried, C., Wajner, M., & Pessoa‐Pureur, R. (2006) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2006.05.007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Wałajtys-Rode, E., & WILLIAMSON, J. R. (1980) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86189-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Branched-chain amino acids alter neurobehavioral function in rats
Coppola, A. M., Wenner, B. R., Ilkayeva, O., Stevens, R. D., Maggioni, M., Slotkin, T. A., Levin, E. D., & Newgard, C. B. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00373.2012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mamer, O., & Reimer, M. L. J. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41646-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Giordano, M., & Castellino, P. (1997) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(97)83052-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Paula-Gomes, S., Gonçalves, D. A. P., Baviera, A. M., Zanon, N., Navegantes, L. C. C., & Kettelhut, Í. D. C. (2013) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347209 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Dandel, M., Lehmkuhl, H. B., Knosalla, C., et al. (2010) · Transplant Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.trim.2010.04.007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle protein balance in mTOR heterozygous mice in response to inflammation and leucine
Lang, C. H., Frost, R. A., Bronson, S. K., Lynch, C. J., & Vary, T. C. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00676.2009 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationJackson, R. H., & Singer, T. P. (1983) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33067-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kim, M. J., Yang, H. J., Kim, J. H., Ahn, C.-W., Lee, J. H., Kim, K. S., & Kwon, D. Y. (2013) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2013/874981 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Increased protein turnover in obese women
Welle, S. L., Barnard, R. R., Statt, M., & Amatruda, J. M. (1992) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(92)90133-u · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Insulin-dependent metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in obesity
Forlani, G., Vannini, P., Marchesini, G., Zoli, M., Ciavarella, A., & Pisi, E. (1984) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(84)90127-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Homanics, G. E., Skvorak, K. J., Ferguson, C., et al. (2006) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-7-33 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Vary, T. C., & Lynch, C. J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00460.2005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLysosomal pathways in hepatic protein degradation: regulatory role of amino acids.
Mortimore, G. E., & Pösö, A. R. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stevanović, D., Janjetović, K., Misirkic-Marjanovic, M., Vucicevic, L. M., Šumarac-Dumanović, M., Micić, D., Starcevic, V. P., & Trajković, V. (2012) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000333963 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dietary Control and Tissue Specific Expression of Branched-Chain α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase
Popov, K. M., Zhao, Y., Shimomura, Y., et al. (1995) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1022 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Protein metabolic roles in treatment of obesity
Devkota, S., & Layman, D. K. (2010) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32833a7737 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kobayashi, R., Shimomura, Y., Murakami, T., et al. (1999) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.45.303 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Binder, E., Bermúdez‐Silva, F. J., Elie, M., Lesté-Lasserre, T., Belluomo, I., Clark, S., Duchampt, A., Mithieux, G., & Cota, D. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20578 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Popov, K. M., Shimomura, Y., et al. (1994) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1994.1063 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Doisaki, M., Katano, Y., Nakano, I., Hirooka, Y., Ito, A., Ishigami, M., Hayashi, K., Goto, H., Fujita, Y., Kadota, Y., et al. (2010) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Control of late G0/G1 progression and protein modification by SmC/IGF I
Olashaw, N., Wyk, J. J. V., & Pledger, W. J. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1987.253.4.c575 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Identification of a novel PP2C-type mitochondrial phosphatase
Joshi, M., Jeoung, N. H., Popov, K. M., & Harris, R. A. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.108 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Proteomic profiling of non-obese type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle
Ohlendieck, K. (2010) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm_00000364 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Alloisoleucine differentiates the branched‐chain aminoacidemia of Zucker and dietary obese rats
Olson, K. C., Chen, G., Xu, Y., Hajnal, A. S., & Lynch, C. J. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20691 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationVimaleswaran, K. S., Tachmazidou, I., Zhao, J. H., et al. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds283 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Regional amino acid transport into brain during diabetes: effect of plasma amino acids
Mans, A. M., DeJoseph, M. R., Davis, D. W., & Hawkins, R. A. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.5.e575 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kuwahata, M., Kubota, H., Kanouchi, H., et al. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.007 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Rapamycin blunts nutrient stimulation of eIF4G, but not PKCε phosphorylation, in skeletal muscle
Vary, T. C., Anthony, J. C., Jefferson, L. S., Kimball, S. R., & Lynch, C. J. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00037.2007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationCorsi, A., Englberger, L., Flores, R., Lorens, A., & Fitzgerald, M. H. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Shimomura, Y., Fujii, H., Suzuki, M., et al. (1993) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(93)90112-l · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Central Leucine Sensing in the Control of Energy Homeostasis
Schwartz, G. J. (2012) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.12.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ichikawa, K., Okabayashi, T., Shima, Y., Iiyama, T., Takezaki, Y., Munekage, M., Namikawa, T., Sugimoto, T., Kobayashi, M., Mimura, T., et al. (2012) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-012-1974-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Jouvet, P. A., Kozma, M., & Mehmet, H. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05604.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Is protein metabolism changed with obesity?
Guillet, C., Masgrau, A., & Boirie, Y. (2010) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328341389e · Cited by 32 · see citing works
López-Safont, N., Sánchez, J., Picó, C., Palou, A., & Serra, F. A. (2010) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.028 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Insulin increases branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase expression in Clone 9 rat cells
Nellis, M. M., Doering, C. B., Kasinski, A. L., & Danner, D. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00133.2002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The mTOR Pathway in the Control of Protein Synthesis
Steiner, J. L., Gordon, B. S., Lang, C. H., Shand, P. J., Napper, S., Dadgar, S., Arsenault, R. J., Trost, B., Scruten, E., KUSALIK, A. J., et al. (2015) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lü, G., Sun, H., Kôrge, P., et al. (2009) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05014-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Chen, H., Simar, D., Ting, J., Erkelens, J. R. S., & Morris, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02339.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Protein Synthesis Is Stimulated in Nutritionally Obese Rats
Estornell, E., Cabo, J., & Barber, T. (1995) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/125.5.1309 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid-mediated activation of muscle branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase in vivo
Block, K. P., Richmond, W. B., Mehard, W. B., & Buse, M. G. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.3.e396 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hughes, K. J., & Kennedy, B. K. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1221365 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Regulation of hepatic branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in rats fed a high-fat diet
Kadota, Y., Toyoda, T., Kitaura, Y., Adams, S. H., & Shimomura, Y. (2013) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2013.07.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vivo inhibition of tyrosine uptake into rat retina by large neutral but not acidic amino acids
Fernstrom, M. H., Volk, E. A., & Fernstrom, J. D. (1986) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.4.e393 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Adegoke, O. A. J., Chevalier, S., Morais, J. A., Gougeon, R., Kimball, S. R., Jefferson, L. S., Wing, S. S., & Marliss, E. B. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90752.2008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
PO2-dexamethasone interactions in fibroblast growth and antioxidant enzyme activity
Randhawa, P. S., Hass, M. A., Frank, L., et al. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1987.252.4.c396 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adipose transplant for inborn errors of branched chain amino acid metabolism in mice
Zimmerman, H. A., Olson, K. C., Chen, G., & Lynch, C. J. (2013) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.05.010 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationKobayashi, R., Shimomura, Y., OTSUKA, M., et al. (2000) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1635 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Patel, M. S., & Packer, L. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420045390 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Breitman, I., Saraf, N., Kakade, M. S., Yellumahanthi, K., White, M., Hackett, J. A., & Clements, R. H. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.12.040 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lombardo, Y. B., Thamotharan, M., Bawani, S. Z., et al. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Modulation of thermogenic response to parenteral amino acid infusion in surgical stress
Tsujinaka, T., Sakaue, M., Iijima, S., Ebisui, C., Kan, K., KISHIBUCHI, M., Morimoto, T., & Kido, Y. (1996) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/0899-9007(95)00018-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vary, T. C., Deiter, G. M., & Lynch, C. J. (2007) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.8.1857 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationLeucine toxicity in a neuronal cell model with inhibited branched chain amino acid catabolism
Kasinski, A. L., Doering, C. B., & Danner, D. J. (2004) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.08.023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [39]Yamaoka I Modification of core body temperature by amino acid administration Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17 Suppl 1 309 311 2008 18296365
- [159]Wolfe RR Chinkes DL Isotope Tracers in Metabolic Research 299 323 Wiley 2005
- [204]Harris RA Patel MS Packer L Lipoic Acid: Energy Production, Antioxidant Activity and Health Effects 101 148 CRC Press 2008
Cited by
Sorted by citations
10 Years of GWAS Discovery: Biology, Function, and Translation
Visscher, P. M., Wray, N. R., Zhang, Q., Sklar, P., McCarthy, M. I., Brown, M. A., & Yang, J. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.005 · Cited by 3,719 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance
Petersen, M. C., & Shulman, G. I. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00063.2017 · Cited by 3,028 · see citing works
Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms
Tosti, V., Bertozzi, B., & Fontana, L. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx227 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids improves metabolic health
Fontana, L., Cummings, N. E., Arriola Apelo, S. I., Neuman, J. C., Kasza, I., Schmidt, B. A., Cava, E., Spelta, F., Tosti, V., Syed, F. A., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.092 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Metabolomics and lipidomics in NAFLD: biomarkers and non-invasive diagnostic tests
Masoodi, M., Gastaldelli, A., Hyötyläinen, T., Arretxe, E., Alonso, C., Gaggini, M., Brosnan, J., Anstee, Q. M., Millet, O., Ortiz, P., et al. (2021) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00502-9 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Lotta, L. A., Scott, R. A., Sharp, S. J., Burgess, S., Luan, J., Tillin, T., Schmidt, A. F., Imamura, F., Stewart, I. D., Perry, J. R. B., et al. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002179 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia
Ticinesi, A., Nouvenne, A., Cerundolo, N., Catania, P., Prati, B., Tana, C., & Meschi, T. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071633 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes in neurodegeneration
Querfurth, H., & Lee, H.-K. (2021) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-021-00428-5 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Maple syrup urine disease: mechanisms and management
Blackburn, P., Gass, J., Pinto e Vairo, F., Farnham, K., Atwal, H., Macklin, S., Klee, E., & Atwal, P. (2017) · The Application of Clinical Genetics · doi:10.2147/tacg.s125962 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Metabolomics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Arneth, B., Arneth, R., & Shams, M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20102467 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Diabetes and branched‐chain amino acids: <scp>W</scp>hat is the link?: 糖尿病与支链氨基酸:有什么关联吗?
Bloomgarden, Z. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12645 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Peng, K.-Y., Watt, M. J., Rensen, S., Greve, J. W., Huynh, K., Jayawardana, K. S., Meikle, P. J., & Meex, R. C. R. (2018) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m085613 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and PCOS: Pathogenesis and the Role of Metabolites
Chen, W., & Pang, Y. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11120869 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Budhathoki, S., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., Yamaji, T., Goto, A., Kotemori, A., Ishihara, J., Takachi, R., Charvat, H., Mizoue, T., et al. (2019) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2806 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Sex and APOE ε4 genotype modify the Alzheimer’s disease serum metabolome
Arnold, M., Nho, K., Kueider-Paisley, A., Massaro, T., Huynh, K., Brauner, B., MahmoudianDehkordi, S., Louie, G., Moseley, M. A., Thompson, J. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14959-w · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Amino acid catabolism in Alzheimer’s disease brain: Friend or foe?
Griffin, J. W. D., & Bradshaw, P. C. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/5472792 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Keogh, J., & Clifton, P. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.008 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Han, Q., Liu, Y., Sun, C., Gang, X., & Wang, G. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/2794591 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The impact of dietary protein intake on longevity and metabolic health
Kitada, M., Ogura, Y., Monno, I., & Koya, D. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Thus, the high intake of BCAAs due to excessive food intake in obese people is harmful in terms of insulin resistance and T2DM.”
BackgroundInfluentialLoss of EZH2 Reprograms BCAA Metabolism to Drive Leukemic Transformation
Gu, Z., Liu, Y., Cai, F., Patrick, M., Zmajkovic, J., Cao, H., Zhang, Y., Tasdogan, A., Chen, M., Qi, L., et al. (2019) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0152 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Haro, C., García‐Carpintero, S., Rangel‐Zúñiga, O. A., Alcalá‐Díaz, J. F., Landa, B. B., Clemente, J. C., Pérez‐Martínez, P., López‐Miranda, J., Pérez‐Jiménez, F., & Camargo, A. (2017) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700300 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Zimmermann, T., Thomas, L., Baader-Pagler, T., Haebel, P., Simon, E., Reindl, W., Bajrami, B., Rist, W., Uphues, I., Drucker, D. J., et al. (2022) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101633 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Epigenetic and Transcriptional Alterations in Human Adipose Tissue of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Kokosar, M., Benrick, A., Perfilyev, A., Fornes, R., Nilsson, E., Maliqueo, M., Behre, C. J., Sazonova, A., Ohlsson, C., Ling, C., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep22883 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Latest approaches for the treatment of obesity
Jackson, V. M., Breen, D. M., Fortin, J.-P., Liou, A., Kuzmiski, J. B., Loomis, A. K., Rives, M.-L., Shah, B., & Carpino, P. A. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.2015.1044966 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
PFAS Exposures and the Human Metabolome: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies
India-Aldana, S., Yao, M., Midya, V., Colicino, E., Chatzi, L., Chu, J., Gennings, C., Jones, D. P., Loos, R. J. F., Setiawan, V. W., et al. (2023) · Current Pollution Reports · doi:10.1007/s40726-023-00269-4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Och, A., Och, M., Nowak, R., Podgórska, D., & Podgórski, R. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27041351 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Obesity Alters the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Nutrition and Exercise
Beals, J. W., Burd, N. A., Moore, D. R., & van Vliet, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00087 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Xiao, Q., Moore, S. C., Keadle, S. K., Xiang, Y.-B., Zheng, W., Peters, T. M., Leitzmann, M. F., Ji, B.-T., Sampson, J. N., Shu, X.-O., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw033 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Small, L., Brandon, A. E., Turner, N., & Cooney, G. J. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00337.2017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Host and microbiota metabolic signals in aging and longevity
Zhou, Y., Hu, G., & Wang, M. C. (2021) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-021-00837-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Optimizing Adult Protein Intake During Catabolic Health Conditions
Phillips, S. M., Paddon-Jones, D., & Layman, D. K. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa047 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Multi-omics analysis reveals the key factors involved in the severity of the Alzheimer’s disease
Meng, L., Jin, H., Yulug, B., Altay, O., Li, X., Hanoglu, L., Cankaya, S., Coskun, E., Idil, E., Nogaylar, R., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01578-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Branched-Chain Amino Acids (Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine) and Skeletal Muscle
Gorissen, S. H. M., & Phillips, S. M. (2019) · Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-810422-4.00016-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging
van der Heijden, I., Monteyne, A. J., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac049 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pervin, S., Reddy, S. T., & Singh, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.653179 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chien, Y.-H., Yu, Y.-H., & Chen, Y.-W. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114386 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Plant Foods, Healthy Plant-Based Diets, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence
del Carmen Fernández-Fígares Jiménez, M. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad099 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Schiera, G., Macajone, G., Volpes, S., Greco, L., Di Liegro, C. M., Serio, G., Caradonna, F., & Naselli, F. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15040366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hu, Z., & Zhang, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.23833 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lynch, C. J., & Adams, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lynch, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Published
- 2014-10-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 723-736
- ISSN
- 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5037
- PMC
- PMC4424797
- OpenAlex
- W2002364623
- Cited by
- 1,461
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 143 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 183 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R21DK091784, R01DK084428, R01DK078328)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- branched-chain amino acids, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, leucine, mTORC1, aminoacidemia, BCKDHA, PPM1K, KLF15, metabolic signalling
- MeSH terms
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1, Amino Acids, Branched-Chain, Animals, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Signal Transduction, Multiprotein Complexes, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
