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Dietary Protein Distribution Positively Influences 24-h Muscle Protein Synthesis in Healthy Adults
Open accessAbstract
The RDA for protein describes the quantity that should be consumed daily to meet population needs and to prevent deficiency. Protein consumption in many countries exceeds the RDA; however, intake is often skewed toward the evening meal, whereas breakfast is typically carbohydrate rich and low in protein. We examined the effects of protein distribution on 24-h skeletal muscle protein synthesis in healthy adult men and women (n = 8; age: 36.9 ± 3.1 y; BMI: 25.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2). By using a 7-d crossover feeding design with a 30-d washout period, we measured changes in muscle protein synthesis in response to isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with protein at breakfast, lunch, and dinner distributed evenly (EVEN; 31.5 ± 1.3, 29.9 ± 1.6, and 32.7 ± 1.6 g protein, respectively) or skewed (SKEW; 10.7 ± 0.8, 16.0 ± 0.5, and 63.4 ± 3.7 g protein, respectively). Over 24-h periods on days 1 and 7, venous blood samples and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained during primed (2.0 μmol/kg) constant infusion [0.06 μmol/(kg⋅min)] of l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine. The 24-h mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was 25% higher in the EVEN (0.075 ± 0.006%/h) vs. the SKEW (0.056 ± 0.006%/h) protein distribution groups (P = 0.003). This pattern was maintained after 7 d of habituation to each diet (EVEN vs. SKEW: 0.077 ± 0.006 vs. 0.056 ± 0.006%/h; P = 0.001). The consumption of a moderate amount of protein at each meal stimulated 24-h muscle protein synthesis more effectively than skewing protein intake toward the evening meal.
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“post-exercise protein ingestion stimulates synthesis in a dose-dependent manner up to a moderate per-meal level [160,161]”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [160]
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“A more even distribution of protein intake across meals increased 24-h muscle protein synthesis in healthy adults compared with a skewed pattern”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [160]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mamerow, M. M., Mettler, J. A., English, K. L., Casperson, S. L., Arentson-Lantz, E., Sheffield-Moore, M., Layman, D. K., & Paddon-Jones, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 876-880
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4018950
- OpenAlex
- W2118131565
- Semantic Scholar
- 705b036b0a8f54749584f50d1f453aedb519aa9f
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 20.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas Medical Branch (UL1TR000071)
- National Center for Research Resources (P30 AG024832)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- meal timing, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, protein intake, phenylalanine tracer, protein requirements
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Proteins, Phenylalanine, Tissue Distribution, Body Mass Index, Cross-Over Studies, Quadriceps Muscle, Meals, Healthy Volunteers
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