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IL-10 Triggers Changes in Macrophage Phenotype That Promote Muscle Growth and Regeneration
Open accessAbstract
We examined the function of IL-10 in regulating changes in macrophage phenotype during muscle growth and regeneration following injury. Our findings showed that the Th1 cytokine response in inflamed muscle is characterized by high levels of expression of CD68, CCL-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 at 1 d postinjury. During transition to the Th2 cytokine response, expression of those transcripts declined, whereas CD163, IL-10, IL-10R1, and arginase-1 increased. Ablation of IL-10 amplified the Th1 response at 1 d postinjury, causing increases in IL-6 and CCL2, while preventing a subsequent increase in CD163 and arginase-1. Reductions in muscle fiber damage that normally occurred between 1 and 4 d postinjury did not occur in IL-10 mutants. In addition, muscle regeneration and growth were greatly slowed by loss of IL-10. Furthermore, myogenin expression increased in IL-10 mutant muscle at 1 d postinjury, suggesting that the mutation amplified the transition from the proliferative to the early differentiation stages of myogenesis. In vitro assays showed that stimulation of muscle cells with IL-10 had no effect on cell proliferation or expression of MyoD or myogenin. However, coculturing muscle cells with macrophages activated with IL-10 to the M2 phenotype increased myoblast proliferation without affecting MyoD or myogenin expression, showing that M2 macrophages promote the early, proliferative stage of myogenesis. Collectively, these data show that IL-10 plays a central role in regulating the switch of muscle macrophages from a M1 to M2 phenotype in injured muscle in vivo, and this transition is necessary for normal growth and regeneration of muscle.
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“In mouse skeletal muscle injury by chemical toxin or unloading/reloading, IL-4 mRNA, although detectable, does not rise above uninjured levels over the course of healing [73,74].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [73]
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Interleukin 6 as an Energy Allocator in Muscle Tissue
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Sicari, B. M., Dziki, J. L., Siu, B. F., Medberry, C. J., Dearth, C. L., & Badylak, S. F. (2014) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.060 · Cited by 255
Regenerative Wound Healing: The Role of Interleukin-10
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Monocyte/macrophage interactions with myogenic precursor cells during skeletal muscle regeneration
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The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle regeneration
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“During later stages of regeneration, TGF-β and IL-10 secreted by anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages promote myogenic differentiation (Arnold et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2012).”
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Fibro–Adipogenic Progenitors Cross-Talk in Skeletal Muscle: The Social Network
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Lnc-mg is a long non-coding RNA that promotes myogenesis
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Divergent Roles of Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Recovery From Injury
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“Interestingly, IL-10 itself can also promote the M1 to M2 transition (Deng et al. 2012).”
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Skeletal muscle regeneration and impact of aging and nutrition
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“…and IL6 present obvious candidates as they are both highly expressed in FAPs and have established roles in regulating satellite cells and muscle regeneration (Joe et al., 2010; Lemos et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013; Serrano et al., 2008; Strle et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2012; Judson et al., 2013).”
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An Overview About the Biology of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells
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“M2 macrophages express IL10 and transforming growth factor (TGFβ) and favor muscle repair by promoting myoblast differentiation, fusion and myotubule formation (32, 36).”
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The Muscle Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease
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“On the other hand, Th2 cytokines including IL-10 may inhibit the expression of the above cytokines, thus accelerating of GI motility.(152,154) In IBS, it is still unclear whether these cytokines simply show this pattern of interaction.”
BackgroundRegenerative function of immune system: Modulation of muscle stem cells
Saini, J., McPhee, J. S., Al-Dabbagh, S., Stewart, C. E., & Al‐Shanti, N. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.006 · Cited by 130
“Furthermore, mouse myoblast 367 cell cultures supplemented with IL-10 and M2 macrophages resulted in enhanced myoblast 368 proliferation (Deng et al., 2012).”
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“limb immobilization as performed in the current study [48] as well as following hind limb suspension [42,64].”
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“A switch can occur between M1 and M2 macrophages during regeneration [107].”
BackgroundForum on bone and skeletal muscle interactions: Summary of the proceedings of an ASBMR workshop
Bonewald, L. F., Kiel, D. P., Clemens, T. L., Esser, K. A., ORWOLL, E. S., O’Keefe, R. J., & Fielding, R. A. (2013) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1980 · Cited by 119
“A specialized phenotype of macrophages can have positive effects on muscle growth, in contrast to the consistently negative effects of osteoclasts on bone mass.((48,49)) The M2 macrophage phenotype that predominates in injured muscle promotes muscle regeneration and supports satellite cell function, unlike M1 proinfla…”
ResultEngineered skeletal muscles for disease modeling and drug discovery
Wang, J., Khodabukus, A., Rao, L., VanDusen, K. W., Abutaleb, N. O., & Bursac, N. (2019) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119416 · Cited by 125
Matrix-bound nanovesicles recapitulate extracellular matrix effects on macrophage phenotype
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“The anti-inflammatory IL-10 plays an essential role in the polarization of macrophages from proinflammation to anti-inflammation, which boosts muscle regeneration [76].”
BackgroundTemporal changes in macrophage phenotype after peripheral nerve injury
Tomlinson, J. E., Žygelytė, E., Grenier, J. K., Edwards, M. G., & Cheetham, J. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1219-0 · Cited by 112
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BackgroundThe Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Ziemkiewicz, N., Hilliard, G. M., Pullen, N., & Garg, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22063265 · Cited by 124
“The study also found that, without the induction of M2 macrophages, muscle regeneration was reduced, and muscle fiber growth was significantly slowed [100].”
ResultExtrinsic and intrinsic control of macrophage inflammatory responses
Cohen, H., & Mosser, D. (2013) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0413236 · Cited by 106
“Early wound-associated macrophages typically release chemokines, lipid mediators, and a number of inflammatory cytokines, including (but not limited to) TNF- , IL-1 , IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23 [26, 32].”
Effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle cytokine expression in the elderly
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“Ablation of IL-10 prolongs the Th1/ pro-inflammatory response, suppresses the Th2 response, and subsequently delays muscle regeneration (Deng et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGrover, M., Bernard, C. E., Pasricha, P. J., Parkman, H. P., Gibbons, S. J., Tonascia, J., Koch, K. L., McCallum, R. W., Sarosiek, I., Hasler, W. L., et al. (2017) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13018 · Cited by 98
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“IL-10 regulates the transition of macrophages from M1 to M2, which is necessary for regeneration of injured muscle [60].”
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Silveira, L. S., Antunes, B. M., Minari, A. L. A., dos Santos, R. V. T., Neto, J. C. R., & Lira, F. S. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression · doi:10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2016015920 · Cited by 96
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“During the regeneration phase, Ly6Clow repair MFs secrete cytokines and growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), GDF-3, IL-10, and TGF-β that act in a paracrine and/or autocrine manner and can contribute to the repair cell milieu (Fadok et al., 1998; Lu et al., 2011; Deng et al., 2012; Tonkin et al…”
BackgroundRegenerative inflammation: When immune cells help to re‐build tissues
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“After the macrophage switch, the anti-inflammatory response associated with regenerative inflammation upregulates the expression IL-10 [129].”
BackgroundReparative T lymphocytes in organ injury
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Searching for the link between inflammaging and sarcopenia
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Keratinocyte-Macrophage Crosstalk by the Nrf2/Ccl2/EGF Signaling Axis Orchestrates Tissue Repair
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“Although EpSCs in the basal epidermis have a prominent role in wound repair, their regenerative capacity is influenced by regulatory networks mediated by local immune responses, which are often altered by disease (Chen et al., 2015; Deng et al., 2012; Godwin et al., 2013; Naik et al., 2018).”
BackgroundImmunology Guides Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
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“Research is therefore currently focussing on the possibility of using an artificially induced cell population or phenotypic switch in M1 to M2 macrophages to enhance regeneration in muscle [122,124].”
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Heat stroke activates a stress-induced cytokine response in skeletal muscle.
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“Specifically, the presence of TNF- and IL-10 during recovery from injury is critical for normal muscle repair (11, 64).”
Gertz, M. L., Chin, C. R., Tomoiaga, D., MacKay, M. J., Chang, C., Butler, D., Afshinnekoo, E., Bezdan, D., Schmidt, M. A., Mozsary, C., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108429 · Cited by 84
“Important mediators include growth factors (fibroblast growth factor [FGF] basic, granulocyte colony stimulating factor [GCSF], granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) (Nagaraju et al., 1998; Kuwabara et al., 2001; Park et al., 2007; Yun et al., 2010; Charoenlarp et al., 2017), which are associated…”
BackgroundInfluentialExercise conditioning in old mice improves skeletal muscle regeneration
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Human endothelial cells secrete neurotropic factors to direct axonal growth of peripheral nerves
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“IL-10 IL-10 itself can also promote M1 to M2 transition (41).”
Resolvin-D2 targets myogenic cells and improves muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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Eosinophil-Derived IL-10 Supports Chronic Nematode Infection
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“By regulating macrophage phenotype, IL-10 promotes muscle regeneration and growth (60).”
BackgroundAutophagy in muscle regeneration: potential therapies for myopathies
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Stem Cell and Macrophage Roles in Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Medicine
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“C2C12 After differentiation induction, TNF-α expression increases [80] Murine myoblasts Myoblast migration stimulation [82] Murine myoblasts Myoblast migration induction [83] C2C12 Inhibition of myoblast differentiation into myotubes [81] C2C12, Primary myoblasts Inhibition of myoblast differentiation [86] C2C12 Reduc…”
BackgroundInfluentialEffector molecules released by Th1 but not Th17 cells drive an M1 response in microglia
Prajeeth, C. K., Löhr, K., Floess, S., Zimmermann, J., Ulrich, R., Gudi, V., Beineke, A., Baumgärtner, W., Müller, M., Huehn, J., et al. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.001 · Cited by 76
Intrinsic Gastrointestinal Macrophages: Their Phenotype and Role in Gastrointestinal Motility
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“13 Specifically, paracrine factors secreted by M1 macrophages prompt local progenitor cells to enter the cell cycle and proliferate, thus facilitating an expansion of readily available cells with myogenic potential present at the site of injury.”
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“Therefore, M2 macrophages and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 reduce inflammation and contribute to satellite cell differentiation, thus promoting myogenic differentiation (Deng et al. 2012).”
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: pathogenesis and promising therapies
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“Some in vitro experiments have demonstrated that cytokines produced by M2 macrophages, such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, improve myogenic cell differentiation in vitro and increase the expression of Myog required for MuSCs differentiation [39].”
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“Interestingly, IL-10 itself can also significantly promoteM1 toM2 transition (30).”
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Human dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells promote wound healing and muscle regeneration
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“Indeed, several reports have shown that IL-10 is primarily involved in the M2 transition and promotes muscle regeneration after acute and chronic injury [60, 61].”
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Human and mouse skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells in health and disease
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Metadata
- Authors
- Deng, B., Wehling-Henricks, M., Villalta, S. A., Wang, Y., & Tidball, J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Corresponding author
- Deng, Bo
- Wang, Ying
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-01
- Volume
- 189
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3669-3680
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- PMC
- PMC3448810
- OpenAlex
- W2153554828
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 9.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Muscular Dystrophy Association (157881)
- National Institutes of Health (R01 AR/AG054451)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AR/AG054451)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR047855, R01AR054451, R01AR047721)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Keywords
- IL-10, muscle regeneration, muscle growth, macrophage polarization, M2 macrophages, M1 macrophages, Th1/Th2 shift, muscle damage, myogenesis, myoblast proliferation, arginase-1, CD163, myogenin, MyoD, MCP-1, TNF-α, interleukin-6
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Regeneration, Up-Regulation, Immunophenotyping, Cytokines, Interleukin-10, Mice, Knockout, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells, Muscle, Skeletal, Cell Enlargement, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Mice, 129 Strain
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