Obesity and Onset of Significant Depressive Symptoms: Results From a Prospective Community-Based Cohort Study of Older Men and Women
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OBJECTIVE: Although several cross-sectional studies have linked obesity and depression, less is known about their longitudinal association and about the relative influence of obesity subtypes. We prospectively examined whether obesity (specifically, abdominal) increased the risk of onset of depression in a population-based sample of older persons. METHOD: Participants were 2,547 nondepressed, well-functioning white and black persons, aged 70-79 years, enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, an ongoing prospective community-based cohort study. Baseline measurements were conducted between April 1997 and June 1998. Overall obesity was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), whereas abdominal obesity measures included waist circumference, sagittal diameter, and visceral fat (measured by computer tomography). Onset of significant depressive symptoms was defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression 10-item score > or = 10 at any annual follow-up over 5 years and/or new antidepressant medication use. Persistent depression was defined as depression at 2 consecutive follow-up visits. RESULTS: Over 5 years, significant depressive symptoms emerged in 23.7% of initially nondepressed persons. In men, both overall (BMI: hazard ratio [HR] per SD increase = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.40) and abdominal obesity (visceral fat: HR per SD increase = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.33) predicted onset of depressive symptoms after adjustment for sociodemographics. When BMI and visceral fat were adjusted for each other, only visceral fat was significantly associated with depression onset (HR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.34). Stronger associations were found for persistent depressive symptoms. No associations were found in women. CONCLUSION: This study shows that obesity, in particular visceral fat, increases the risk of onset of significant depressive symptoms in men. These results suggest that specific mechanisms might relate visceral fat to the onset of depression.
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The metabolic syndrome and in particular visceral fat have been bidirectionally associated with depression in late life, specifically in men.
“The metabolic syndrome and in particular visceral fat have been bidirectionally associated with depression in late life,31, 32 specifically in men.”
From Association of depressive disorders, depression characteristics and antidepressant medication with inflammation (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
The Results and Discussion report that high visceral fat predicted the onset of depressive symptoms in older men, and the Discussion describes a reciprocal association between abdominal obesity and depressive symptoms based in part on other longitudinal findings. The paper does not establish a bidirectional association specifically for men, and it does not examine metabolic syndrome as such. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Vogelzangs, N., Kritchevsky, S. B., Beekman, A. T. F., Brenes, G. A., Newman, A. B., Satterfield, S., Yaffe, K., Harris, T. B., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Study, H. A.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vogelzangs, Nicole
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2009-12-15
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 391-399
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3277746
- OpenAlex
- W2039391455
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01ag062101-007, n01ag062103-006, n01ag062106-007)
- National Institute on Aging (N01‐AG‐6–2101, N01 AG062106, N01AG62106, N01-AG-62103, N01 AG062103, P30AG021332, N01 AG062101)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HL72972-01, R01HL072972)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- obesity, abdominal obesity, visceral fat, depressive symptoms, depression onset, older adults, body mass index, sex differences, dysthymia, Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Netherlands, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, United States, Absorptiometry, Photon, Comorbidity, Body Mass Index, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Obesity, Abdominal
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