Toward Prevention of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults With Depression: An Observational Study of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors
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OBJECTIVE: Late-life depression has been associated with increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Predictors of increased risk are incompletely understood. Identification of potentially modifiable risk factors could facilitate prevention of MCI and dementia. This study aimed to determine which clinical characteristics are associated with increased risk of MCI among older adults with depression and normal cognition at baseline. METHODS: Data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center dataset were used. Study participants who attended a participating Alzheimer's Disease Center from September 2005 through September 2017 with normal cognition and a history of clinically defined depression (broadly based on DSM criteria) were followed until first diagnosis of MCI (or dementia when MCI was not diagnosed). RESULTS: A total of 2,655 study participants were followed for a median duration of 41.8 months. Of these, 586 (22.1%) developed either MCI (n = 509, 19.2%) or dementia (n = 77, 2.9%). In survival analyses, cognitive decline was associated with age, sex, education, baseline cognition, and several potentially modifiable risk factors including vascular risk factors, hearing impairment, vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, active depression within the last 2 years, and increased severity of depression. In an adjusted survival analysis, the only variables that remained significantly associated with development of MCI or dementia were female sex (HR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59-0.88), higher education (HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99), and higher baseline cognition (HR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82-0.93), which were associated with reduced risk, and older age (HR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.08), active depression within the last 2 years (HR = 1.41; 95% CI, 1.15-1.74), and increased severity of depression (HR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09), which were associated with increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: Development of MCI is associated with several potentially modifiable risk factors in older adults with depression. Future studies should determine whether active management of risk factors could reduce incidence of MCI in this vulnerable population.
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Depression symptoms are common for older adults with memory difficulties.
“Depression symptoms are common for older adults with memory difficulties and their caregivers.”
From The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to improve depression symptoms and quality of life in individuals with memory difficulties and caregivers: A short report (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
The Introduction and Discussion describe older adults who have both depression and mild cognitive impairment, supporting the association between depressive symptoms and memory difficulties. But the study starts with adults with depression; it does not establish how common depressive symptoms are among older adults with memory difficulties. The cited portion of the claim does not include caregivers. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Lau, H., Shahar, S., Mohamad, M., Rajab, N. F., Yahya, H. M., Din, N. C., & Hamid, H. A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13115553
Górska-Ciebiada, M., & Ciebiada, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-65284-z
- Authors
- Gallagher, D., Kiss, A., Lanctot, K. L., & Herrmann, N.
- Affiliations
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Gallagher, Damien
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2018-11-27
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-2101
- PMC
- PMC6296258
- OpenAlex
- W2902069775
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company (P50 AG005134)
- Pfizer
- University of Toronto
- Astellas Pharma
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- National Institutes of Health (AG028 383, AG016574, AG049638, AG016573, AG016976, AG010124, AG023501, AG005138, AG005133, AG005131, AG008017, AG010129, AG008051, AG005681, AG019610, AG035982, AG047270, AG005134, AG047366, AG053760, AG010161, AG013854, AG025688, AG013846, AG047266, AG005136, AG033514, AG008702)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
- National Institute on Aging (AG 005138, AG-028383, AG010133, AG 016976, P30AG053760, P30AG010129, P30AG010133, AG-016573, AG008051, AG005134, P30AG049638, AG047366, AG-010124, P30AG028383, P30AG012300, AG-005133, AG 025688, AG016574, AG008017, P50AG005133, U01AG016976, P50AG005131, AG-013854, AG035982, AG049638, P50AG005138, AG019610, AG010161, P30AG010124, AG047266, P50AG016573, P50AG047366, AG010129, P30AG008017, AG-033514, P30AG010161, AG005131, P30AG008051, P50AG008702, P50AG033514, AG023501, P30AG035982, AG013846, P50AG005681, P50AG005142, P50AG047270, P30AG019610, P50AG005146, AG047270, P30AG013846, P50AG005136, P50AG005134, P30AG013854, AG053760, P50AG025688, P50AG047266, AG005681, P50AG023501, P50AG016574)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- mild cognitive impairment, geriatric depression, dementia risk, older adults, cognitive decline, modifiable risk factors, depression severity, vascular risk factors, hearing loss, vitamin B12 deficiency, sex differences, educational attainment, Alzheimer's disease, risk prediction model
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dementia, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Incidence, Disease Progression, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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