Epidemiology, drug resistance, and pathophysiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria
Open accessAbstract
Malaria, caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, is a major health problem in many countries of the world. Five parasite species namely, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi, cause malaria in humans. Of these, P. falciparum and P. vivax are the most prevalent and account for the majority of the global malaria cases. In most areas of Africa, P. vivax infection is essentially absent because of the inherited lack of Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines on the surface of red blood cells that is involved in the parasite invasion of erythrocytes. Therefore, in Africa, most malaria infections are by P. falciparum and the highest burden of P. vivax infection is in Southeast Asia and South America. Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent and as such, it is responsible for the majority of malarial mortality, particularly in Africa. Although, P. vivax infection has long been considered to be benign, recent studies have reported life-threatening consequences, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, cerebral malaria, multi-organ failure, dyserythropoiesis and anaemia. Despite exhibiting low parasite biomass in infected people due to parasite's specificity to infect only reticulocytes, P. vivax infection triggers higher inflammatory responses and exacerbated clinical symptoms than P. falciparum, such as fever and chills. Another characteristic feature of P. vivax infection, compared to P. falciparum infection, is persistence of the parasite as dormant liver-stage hypnozoites, causing recurrent episodes of malaria. This review article summarizes the published information on P. vivax epidemiology, drug resistance and pathophysiology.
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The similar proportion of P. vivax and P. falciparum in PM would contradict several assumptions about P. vivax's lower capacity for clinical damage.
“the similar proportion of P. vivax and P. falciparum in PM would contradict several assumptions about P. vivax’s lower capacity for clinical damage [20,21,22,48]”
From Diagnostic Accuracy of a Thick Blood Smear Compared to qPCR for Malaria Associated with Pregnancy in Colombia (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yokoly, F. N., Zahouli, J. B. Z., Small, G., Ouattara, A. F., Opoku, M., de Souza, D. K., & Koudou, B. G. (2021) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03938-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prospective study of malaria in pregnancy, placental and congenital malaria in Northwest Colombia
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- Authors
- Gowda, D., Dayananda, K., & Achur, R.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Nitte University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Gowda, DChanne
- ORCID
- Gowda, DChanne
- Venue
- Journal of Vector Borne Diseases
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1
- ISSN
- 0972-9062 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6996296
- OpenAlex
- W2809613680
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Journal of Vector Borne Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI041139)
- Fogarty International Center (D43TW008268)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical compounds biological activities
- Keywords
- Plasmodium vivax, vivax malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, malaria epidemiology, antimalarial drug resistance, malaria pathophysiology, hypnozoites, recurrent malaria, cerebral malaria, anemia, inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Antimalarials, Asia, Southeastern, Drug Resistance, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Liver, Male, Plasmodium vivax, Pregnancy, Recurrence, South America, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Malaria, Vivax
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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