Internet-Delivered Versus Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Over the last 20 years, internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) has been tested in a large number of randomized controlled trials, often with positive results. However, it is not widely known about the efficacy of ICBT as compared to face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). METHODS: In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, ICBT for treatment of anxiety disorders was directly compared to face- to-face CBT within the same trial. This study aimed to reinvestigate the effect of ICBT compared to face-to-face CBT for anxiety disorders. A total of 8 studies out of the 236 articles screened met all the inclusion criteria. The included studies targeting five different anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder, adolescent anxiety, panic disorder, spider phobia, and fear of public speaking, had been carried out in Australia, Spain, and Sweden. The total number of participants was 348 in ICBT and 316 in face-to-face conditions. RESULTS: = 0.01 (95% CI: -0.16 to 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: ICBT and face-to-face CBT created equivalent overall effects. in treatment of anxiety disorders. Since there have been similar systematic reviews about anxiety disorders so far, and in majority of them, ICBT has not been compared against face-to-face treatment. More research is needed to establish the general equivalence of the two treatment formats. Also, understanding what makes ICBT work is a challenge for future research.
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Internet-delivered CBT and acceptance-based interventions that include some form of therapist or administrator support are comparable with those delivered face-to-face.
“research has indicated that internet-delivered CBT and acceptance-based interventions that include some form of therapist or administrator support are comparable with those delivered face-to-face.”
From An internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy program for anxious affect, depression, and wellbeing: A randomized, parallel, two-group, waitlist-controlled trial in a Middle Eastern sample of college students (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
The Conclusions report equivalent overall effects for internet-delivered and face-to-face CBT in anxiety disorders, and the Introduction describes therapist guidance in most internet-delivered CBT programs. The Discussion explicitly says acceptance and commitment therapy was not included in the analysis, so this paper does not establish the claimed comparability for acceptance-based interventions. The passages provided have section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Authors
- Esfandiari, N., Mazaheri, M. A., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Sadeghi-Firoozabadi, V., & Cheraghi, M.
- Affiliations
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Department of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Venue
- International Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-153
- ISSN
- 2008-7802 (ISSN-L)
- 2008-8213
- PMC
- PMC8724632
- OpenAlex
- W3211784394
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- International Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety disorders, treatment efficacy comparison, social anxiety disorder, adolescent anxiety, panic disorder, spider phobia, public speaking anxiety, digital mental health interventions
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