The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals
Open accessAbstract
The oral cavity has the second largest and diverse microbiota after the gut harboring over 700 species of bacteria. It nurtures numerous microorganisms which include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. The mouth with its various niches is an exceptionally complex habitat where microbes colonize the hard surfaces of the teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa. In addition to being the initiation point of digestion, the oral microbiome is crucial in maintaining oral as well as systemic health. Because of the ease of sample collection, it has become the most well-studied microbiome till date. Previously, studying the microbiome was limited to the conventional culture-dependent techniques, but the abundant microflora present in the oral cavity could not be cultured. Hence, studying the microbiome was difficult. The emergence of new genomic technologies including next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics has revealed the complexities of the oral microbiome. It has provided a powerful means of studying the microbiome. Understanding the oral microbiome in health and disease will give further directions to explore the functional and metabolic alterations associated with the diseased states and to identify molecular signatures for drug development and targeted therapies which will ultimately help in rendering personalized and precision medicine. This review article is an attempt to explain the different aspects of the oral microbiome in health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“After the colon, the oral microbiome represents the second most diverse microbiota in the human host, with over 700 bacterial species presently identified.35”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“due to improved understanding of the crucial role played by the oral microbiome in initiating food digestion and maintaining oral and systemic health.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Fraser-Liggett, C. M., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06244 · Cited by 6,091
Dewhirst, F. E., Chen, T., Izard, J., Paster, B. J., Tanner, A. C. R., Yu, W.-H., Lakshmanan, A., & Wade, W. G. (2010) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00542-10 · Cited by 3,352
Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity
Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.11.5721-5732.2005 · Cited by 3,092
Janda, J. M., & Abbott, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01228-07 · Cited by 2,447
Occlusal Caries: Biological Approach for Its Diagnosis and Management
Carvalho, J. C., Dige, I., Mačhiulskienė, V., Qvist, V., Bakhshandeh, A., Parolo, C. C. F., & Maltz, M. (2016) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000448662 · Cited by 2,159
The oral microbiome in health and disease
Wade, W. G. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.006 · Cited by 1,347
Defining the healthy “core microbiome” of oral microbial communities
Zaura, E., Keijser, B. J., Huse, S. M., & Crielaard, W. (2009) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-259 · Cited by 1,323
The oral microbiome – an update for oral healthcare professionals
Kilian, M., Chapple, I. L. C., Hannig, M., Marsh, P. D., Meuric, V., Pedersen, A. M. L., Tonetti, M. S., Wade, W. G., & Zaura, E. (2016) · British Dental Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.865 · Cited by 1,269
Chen, T., Yu, W.-H., Izard, J., Baranova, O. V., Lakshmanan, A., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2010) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/baq013 · Cited by 1,162
Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale
Mark Welch, J. L., Rossetti, B. J., Rieken, C. W., Dewhirst, F. E., & Borisy, G. G. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1522149113 · Cited by 968
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [11]Sowmya Y A review on the human oral microflora Res Rev 2016 4 1 5
- [13]Batabyal B Chakraborty S Biswas S Role of the oral microflora in human population: A brief review Int J Pharm Life Sci 2012 3 2220 7
- [40]The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet 2007 Last accessed on 2018 Dec 03 Washington (DC) National Academies Press (US) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54006/ 21678629
- [50]Moon JH Lee JH Probing the diversity of healthy oral microbiome with bioinformatics approaches BMB Rep 2016 49 662 70 27697111 PMC5346311
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,000
Maier, T. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061453 · Cited by 36
Oral microbiome as a co-mediator of halitosis and periodontitis: a narrative review
Lee, Y., & Hong, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2023.1229145 · Cited by 43
Triarico, S., Agresti, P., Rinninella, E., Mele, M. C., Romano, A., Attinà, G., Maurizi, P., Mastrangelo, S., & Ruggiero, A. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11040448 · Cited by 43
“The perturbation of the diversity and proportions of species within the microbiota, with a single or few species predomination, leads to dysbiosis and associated increased risk of local and systemic diseases [13].”
BackgroundMicrobiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma
Pezzino, S., Sofia, M., Greco, L. P., Litrico, G., Filippello, G., Sarvà, I., Greca, G. L., & Latteri, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021166 · Cited by 39
Murray, P. E., Coffman, J. A., & Garcı́a-Godoy, F. (2024) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens13121084 · Cited by 46
“The human oral cavity hosts a complex microbiome of over 770 microbial species, although only a subset are pathogenic [7], including bacteria [8], fungi [9], and viruses [10] The human oral cavity hosts a complex microbiome of over 770 microbial species, although only a subset are pathogenic [7],…”
Computational Modeling of the Human Microbiome
Chowdhury, S., & Fong, S. S. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8020197 · Cited by 43
Osteoimmunology in periodontitis; a paradigm for Th17/IL-17 inflammatory bone loss
Ikeuchi, T., & Moutsopoulos, N. M. (2022) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2022.116500 · Cited by 41
Unveiling the Human Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome: The Past, Present, and Future of Metagenomics
Athanasopoulou, K., Adamopoulos, P. G., & Scorilas, A. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030827 · Cited by 43
“Microbes that inhabit the oral cavity [29], esophagus [30], stomach [31] as well as small”
BackgroundBacterial extracellular electron transfer in plant and animal ecosystems
Stevens, E. T., & Marco, M. L. (2023) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuad019 · Cited by 37
Early life inter-kingdom interactions shape the immunological environment of the airways
Pattaroni, C., Macowan, M. G., Chatzis, R., Daunt, C., Čustović, A., Shields, M. D., Power, U. F., Grigg, J., Roberts, G. C., Ghazal, P., et al. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01201-y · Cited by 39
“In fact, the oropharyngeal cavity has been described as the home of the second largest and diverse microbiota community after the gut, given the fact that it provides a rich and stable environment for bacteria in terms of temperature, pH and availability of nutrients [41].”
BackgroundThree‐Dimensional Humanized Model of the Periodontal Gingival Pocket to Study Oral Microbiome
Adelfio, M., Martín‐Moldes, Z., Erndt-Marino, J. D., Tozzi, L., Duncan, M. J., Hastürk, H., Kaplan, D. L., & Ghezzi, C. E. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202205473 · Cited by 37
Ferrillo, M., Giudice, A., Migliario, M., Renò, F., Lippi, L., Calafiore, D., Marotta, N., de Sire, R., Fortunato, L., Ammendolia, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054626 · Cited by 41
Gupta, A., Saleena, L. M., Kannan, P., & Shivachandran, A. (2024) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105213 · Cited by 39
Gugnacki, P., & Sierko, E. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13235902 · Cited by 39
Zhang, T., An, W., Sun, J.-W., Duan, F., Shao, Z.-Y., Zhang, F., Jiang, T., Deng, X., Boyer, C., & Gao, W.-P. (2022) · Nano letters (Print) · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03160 · Cited by 30
Effect of different forms of tobacco on the oral microbiome in healthy adults: a systematic review
Senaratne, N. L. M., On, C. Y., Shetty, N. Y., & Gopinath, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2024.1310334 · Cited by 36
Tayyeb, J. Z., Priya, M., Guru, A., Kumar, M. S. K., Giri, J. P., Garg, A., Agrawal, R., Mat, K. B., & Arockiaraj, J. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09407-7 · Cited by 36
Andreu, V. P., Augustijn, H. E., van den Berg, K., van der Hooft, J. J. J., Fischbach, M. A., & Medema, M. H. (2021) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00937-21 · Cited by 36
Chamlagain, M., Hu, J., Sionov, R. V., & Steinberg, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1333274 · Cited by 37
“The oral cavity is in constant contact with the external environment which leads to the flourishing of a complex microbiota composed of hundreds of different bacterial and fungal species (Dewhirst et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2018; Deo and Deshmukh, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialProbing periodontal microbial dark matter using metataxonomics and metagenomics
Kumar, P., Dabdoub, S. M., & Ganesan, S. M. (2020) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12349 · Cited by 35
The Effect of Radiation and Chemoradiation Therapy on the Head and Neck Mucosal Microbiome: A Review
Zagury‐Orly, I., Khaouam, N., Noujaim, J. C., Desrosiers, M. Y., & Maniakas, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.784457 · Cited by 35
“org 2 Candida species), and viruses (12).”
BackgroundOral microbiota and periodontitis severity among Hispanic adults
Ortiz, A. P., Acosta-Pagán, K. T., Oramas-Sepúlveda, C., Castañeda‐Avila, M. A., Vilanova-Cuevas, B., Ramos‐Cartagena, J. M., Vivaldi, J., Pérez‐Santiago, J., Pérez, C. M., & Godoy‐Vitorino, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.965159 · Cited by 34
“The oral microbiota, an essential part of the human microbiota, includes all kinds of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity (Deo and Deshmukh, 2019).”
BackgroundTao, K., Yuan, Y., Xie, Q., & Dong, Z. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115111 · Cited by 39
Investigating the Ocular Surface Microbiome: What Can It Tell Us?
Peter, V. G., Morandi, S. C., Herzog, E. L., Zinkernagel, M. S., & Zysset‐Burri, D. C. (2023) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s359304 · Cited by 36
Connecting the Human Microbiome and Pancreatic Cancer
Sexton, R. E., Uddin, M. H., Bannoura, S. F., Khan, H. Y., Mzannar, Y., Li, Y., Aboukameel, A., Al-Hallak, M. N., Al-Share, B. A., Mohamed, A., et al. (2022) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-022-10022-w · Cited by 33
“The microbiome of the oral cavity consists of over 700 bacterial species along with fungi, viruses and protozoa with only around 60% of bacterial species having been categorized [8, 9].”
BackgroundVariations in oral microbiome and its predictive functions between tumorous and healthy individuals
Yang, J., He, P., Zhou, M., Li, S., Zhang, J., Tao, X., Wang, A., & Wu, X. (2022) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001568 · Cited by 34
Hosny, K. M., Khallaf, R. A., Asfour, H. Z., Rizg, W. Y., Alhakamy, N. A., Sindi, A. M., Alkhalidi, H. M., Abualsunun, W. A., Bakhaidar, R. B., Almehmady, A. M., et al. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13071008 · Cited by 33
“Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are present in a healthy oral cavity [5].”
BackgroundSaliva as Biomarker for Oral and Chronic Degenerative Non-Communicable Diseases
Basilicata, M., Pieri, M., Marrone, G., Nicolai, E., Lauro, M. D., Paolino, V., Tomassetti, F., Vivarini, I., Bollero, P., Bernardini, S., et al. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13080889 · Cited by 40
“The oral cavity in a healthy individual can contain more than 300 species of microorganisms [4], including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa, even if aerobes are mainly present [5].”
BackgroundTalapko, J., Erić, S., Meštrović, T., Mravak‐Stipetić, M., Juzbašić, M., Katalinić, D., Bekić, S., Muršić, D., Flam, J., Belić, D., et al. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16172997 · Cited by 32
“…colonization is in fl uenced by contact between people, such as kissing [45]. bacteria from the environment (food, water, and air) rapidly enter the mouth Furthermore, assessment is complicated because most colonizers of the oral cavity are di ffi cult to culture in laboratory conditions [31,46,47].”
BackgroundMethodHiguchi, J., Klimek, K., Wojnarowicz, J., Opalinska, A., Chodara, A., Szałaj, U., Dąbrowska, S., Fudala, D., & Ginalska, G. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11091582 · Cited by 32
“Oral pathogen microbiota are composed of many bacteria [70].”
BackgroundGiugliano, R., Sellitto, A., Ferravante, C., Rocco, T., D’Agostino, Y., Alexandrova, E., Lamberti, J., Palumbo, D., Galdiero, M., Vaccaro, E., et al. (2022) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105506 · Cited by 30
“The former represents the predominant microbial species existing in healthy conditions, while the variable one is exclusive of each individual and depends on its lifestyle and genome [12].”
Hydrogel Bioelectronics for Health Monitoring
Lyu, X., Hu, Y., Shi, S., Wang, S., Li, H., Wang, Y., & Zhou, K. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13080815 · Cited by 33
“Dental diseases are associated with bacterial infection and the inflammatory response of the dental tissues, which can lead to discomfort and the destructive infection of toothsupporting tissues [90,91].”
BackgroundOral microbiome dysbiosis among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users compared to non-users
Chattopadhyay, S., Malayil, L., Chopyk, J., Smyth, E. M., Kulkarni, P., Raspanti, G., Thomas, S. B., Sapkota, A., Mongodin, E. F., & Sapkota, A. R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60730-2 · Cited by 40
Plant-Derived Compounds: A Promising Tool for Dental Caries Prevention
Tzimas, K., Αντωνιάδου, Μ., Varzakas, T. H., & Voidarou, C. C. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46060315 · Cited by 39
“Treatment strategies must incorporate a more holistic, ecological approach to the control of the dental biofilm, which is best accomplished using molecular genetic, culture-independent techniques [92].”
BackgroundMicrobiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicle as Emerging Actors in Host Interactions
Margutti, P., D’Ambrosio, A., & Zamboni, S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25168722 · Cited by 37
“The oral cavity has The oral cavity has been considered to possess the second most complex microbiota in the human body [22]. been considered to possess the second most complex microbiota in the human body [22].”
BackgroundEl‐Bayoumy, K., Christensen, N. D., Hu, J., Viscidi, R. P., Stairs, D. B., Walter, V., Chen, K.-M., Sun, Y., Muscat, J. E., & Richie, J. P. (2020) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0096 · Cited by 31
Viruses of the oral cavity: Prevalence, pathobiology and association with oral diseases
Thakkar, P., Banks, J. M., Rahat, R., Brandini, D. A., & Naqvi, A. R. (2021) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2311 · Cited by 36
“understanding the various infectious agents present in the oral cavity.(2) However, many studies have focused exclusively on the bacteria present in the oral cavity rather than the viral species; thus, knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of viruses in oral pathogenesis and their impact on overall health.”
BackgroundHu, W. L., Chen, S., Zou, X., Chen, Y., Luo, J., Zhong, P., & Ma, D. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.08.019 · Cited by 36
The Microbiome and Its Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy
Choudhry, H. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26010206 · Cited by 31
Comparative analysis of oral-gut microbiota between captive and wild long-tailed macaque in Thailand
Sawaswong, V., Praianantathavorn, K., Chanchaem, P., Khamwut, A., Kemthong, T., Hamada, Y., Malaivijitnond, S., & Payungporn, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93779-4 · Cited by 33
Luong, A. D., Buzid, A., & Luong, J. H. T. (2022) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb13040175 · Cited by 32
“Besides viruses and protozoa, there are over 500–700 different microbes in the human mouth [2] including Candida albicans [3].”
BackgroundThe Association between Dysbiosis and Neurological Conditions Often Manifesting with Chronic Pain
Garvey, M. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030748 · Cited by 35
“5 Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydiae, Chloroflexi, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes, Saccharibacteria, Gracilibacteria [37].”
de Jongh, C. A., Bikker, F. J., de Vries, T. J., Werner, A., Gibbs, S., & Krom, B. P. (2023) · Biofilm · doi:10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100172 · Cited by 30
“Over 700 different species of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa have been discovered in the oral cavity [1].”
BackgroundOral and gut microbial profiling in periodontitis and Parkinson’s disease
Yay, E., Yılmaz, M., Toygar, H. U., Balcı, N., Rivas, C. A., Kılıç, B. B., Zirh, A. T., Paster, B. J., & Kantarcı, A. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2331264 · Cited by 29
“Besides the other surfaces in the oral cavity, saliva contains its microbiome, consisting of a diverse array of bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and protozoa [11].”
BackgroundIoannou, P., Katsoulieris, E. N., & Afratis, N. A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26083621 · Cited by 34
“It is estimated that over 700 bacterial species are present in the OM with some of them known to protect against acidification and pathogens through the secretion of microbicidal substances, while others serve as support (scaffolds) for the growth of anaerobes [103–105].”
Seifan, M., Sarabadani, Z., & Berenjian, A. (2020) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-019-10345-9 · Cited by 29
“Oral cavity has the second largest and diverse microbiota (Deo and Deshmukh 2019).”
BackgroundAssessing saliva microbiome collection and processing methods
Armstrong, A. J. S., Parmar, V., & Blaser, M. J. (2021) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-021-00254-z · Cited by 28
Spirito, F. D., Amato, A., Romano, A., Dipalma, G., Xhajanka, E., Baroni, A., Serpico, R., Inchingolo, F., & Contaldo, M. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12189135 · Cited by 29
Akimbekov, N. S., Digel, I., Yerezhepov, A. Y., Shardarbek, R. S., Wu, X., & Zha, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1029324 · Cited by 37
Metabolomics analysis in saliva from periodontally healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients
Alamri, M. M., Williams, B., Guennec, A. D. L., Mainas, G., Santamaria, P., Moyes, D. L., & Nibali, L. (2023) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.13183 · Cited by 28
Age-related oral microbiota dysbiosis and systemic diseases
Deng, L., Guan, G., Cannon, R. D., & Mei, L. (2025) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107717 · Cited by 29
Jurczak, A., Jamka-Kasprzyk, M., Bębenek, Z., Staszczyk, M., Jagielski, P., Kościelniak, D., Gregorczyk‐Maga, I., Kołodziej, I., Kępisty, M., Kukurba-Setkowicz, M., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092592 · Cited by 28
“disclosed by culture-based methods [123], which is especially important in the study of diseases related to microbiota dysbiosis.”
BackgroundThe wasted chewing gum bacteriome
Satari, L., Guillén, A., Vidal‐Verdú, À., & Porcar, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73913-4 · Cited by 28
Stankevič, E., Kern, T., Borisevich, D., Poulsen, C. S., Madsen, A. L., Hansen, T. H., Jonsson, A. E., Schubert, M., Nygaard, N., Nielsen, T., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65538-8 · Cited by 28
Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Carlström, M., & Ghasemi, A. (2021) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.09.001 · Cited by 26
Davis, E. M., & Weese, J. S. (2021) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.08.004 · Cited by 29
Alternative Antibiotics in Dentistry: Antimicrobial Peptides
Griffith, A., Mateen, A. I., Markowitz, K., Singer, S. R., Cugini, C., Shimizu, E., Wiedman, G. R., & Kumar, V. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14081679 · Cited by 32
“Well over 700 distinct microbial species have been identified in the human oral microbiome, with every person having their own combination of these microorganisms [3,4].”
BackgroundElectrochemical (Bio)Sensing Devices for Human-Microbiome-Related Biomarkers
Sánchez‐Tirado, E., Agüı́, L., González-Cortés, A., Campuzano, S., Yáñez‐Sedeño, P., & Pingarrón, J. M. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23020837 · Cited by 28
“The oral cavity has the second-largest and second-most diverse microbiota after the gut, harboring over 700 species of bacteria [83].”
BackgroundAntimicrobials from Medicinal Plants: An Emergent Strategy to Control Oral Biofilms
Milho, C., Silva, J., Guimarães, R., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Barros, L., & Alves, M. J. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11094020 · Cited by 27
“Microorganisms that make up the oral microbiome can reside on two types of surfaces, the hard faces of the teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa [30].”
BackgroundOral Mycobiota: A Narrative Review
Defta, C. L., Albu, C.-C., Albu, Ş.-D., & Bogdan-Andreescu, C. F. (2024) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj12040115 · Cited by 31
““Oral microbiome”, “oral microflora”, or “oral microbiota” are the terms most commonly used to describe the microbial community residing in the human oral cavity [5].”
BackgroundOral Microbiome Dysbiosis as a Risk Factor for Stroke: A Comprehensive Review
Leonov, G. E., Salikhova, D. I., Starodubova, A. V., Vasilyev, A. V., Makhnach, O. V., Fatkhudinov, T., & Goldshtein, D. V. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12081732 · Cited by 27
“However, recent research shows that the microbiome begins to form before birth [187].”
BackgroundBhavikatti, S. K., Zainuddin, S. L. A., Ramli, R. B., Nadaf, D. S., Dandge, P. B., Khalate, M., & Karobari, M. I. (2024) · Current Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cpb.2024.100392 · Cited by 28
Costa, C. F. F. A., Correia-de-Sá, T., Araújo, R., Barbosa, F., Burnet, P. W. J., Ferreira‐Gomes, J., & Sampaio‐Maia, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1475159 · Cited by 28
Sathishkumar, G., He, X., NAGAY, B. E., Xu, K., Rao, X., Duan, S., Murugesan, S., Barão, V. A. R., Kang, E. T., & Xu, L. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.05.002 · Cited by 29
“Dental implants confront a broader spectrum of microbial challenges due to the complexity of oral microbiota [194,195].”
Differences in Compositions of Oral and Fecal Microbiota between Patients with Obesity and Controls
Stefura, T., Zapała, B., Gosiewski, T., Skomarovska, O., Dudek, A., Pędziwiatr, M., & Major, P. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57070678 · Cited by 26
“have been re‐ ported to be the most commonly found in the human oral cavity [22].”
BackgroundTongue microbiome in children with autism spectrum disorder
Abdulhaq, A. A., Halboub, E. S., Homeida, H. E., Basode, V. K., Ghzwani, A. H., Zain, K. A., Baraniya, D., Chen, T., & Al-Hebshi, N. N. (2021) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2021.1936434 · Cited by 28
“The oral cavity is a home to the second most diverse microbial community after that of the gut [18], and there is emerging evidence to suggest presence of a microbial oral-brain axis [19].”
BackgroundUlcerative Colitis Seems to Imply Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis
Molinero, N., Taladrid, D., Zorraquín‐Peña, I., de Celis, M., Belda, I., Mira, Á., Bartolomé, B., & Moreno-Arribas, M. V. (2022) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb44040103 · Cited by 25
“However, contrary to what has been described in previous studies [13,18,38], our results showed significantly higher values for Neisseriaceae family members and Neisseria—dominant commensal members in the healthy oral cavity [24,39], but which can also act as opportunistic pathogens [40,41].”
BackgroundResultSoares, J. C. M., Luiz, M. T., Oshiro, J. A., Besegato, J. F., de Melo, P. B. G., Rastelli, A. N. D. S., & Chorilli, M. (2023) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103285 · Cited by 26
Kumar, S. S., Gunda, V., Reinartz, D. M., Pond, K. W., Thorne, C. A., Raj, P. V. S., Johnson, M. D. L., & Wilson, J. E. (2024) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00536-23 · Cited by 29
The oral microbiome in older adults –a state-of-the-art review
Sarafidou, K., Alexakou, E., Talioti, E., Bakopoulou, A., & Anastassiadou, V. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus · doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2024.100061 · Cited by 26
Mechanisms Underlying Medication‐Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Lee, K., Kim, K., Kim, J. Y., Kim, J., Kang, Y., Kim, Y. H., & Kim, S. (2024) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.15198 · Cited by 28
Dysregulation of metallothionein and zinc aggravates periodontal diseases
Aziz, J., Rahman, M. T., & Vaithilingam, R. D. (2021) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126754 · Cited by 31
Guo, J., Ikuemonisan, J., Hatsukami, D. K., & Hecht, S. S. (2021) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00308 · Cited by 25
Lee, Y., Kim, H., Heo, D. W., Ahn, I.-S., & Auh, Q. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29080-3 · Cited by 25
Microbial Symphony: Navigating the Intricacies of the Human Oral Microbiome and Its Impact on Health
Bhandary, R., Venugopalan, G., Ramesh, A., Tartaglia, G., Singhal, I., & Khijmatgar, S. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12030571 · Cited by 28
“A BLAST search engine is given to facilitate the alignment of user-supplied 16S rRNA gene sequences with a rigorously maintained and extensive archive of whole 16S rRNA gene reference information [71,72].”
BackgroundMethodThe role of periodontitis in cancer development, with a focus on oral cancers
Farhad, S. Z., Karbalaeihasanesfahani, A., Dadgar, E., Nasiri, K., Esfahaniani, M., & Nabi‐Afjadi, M. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09737-6 · Cited by 27
“Indeed, he was the first to identify the oral microbiome using a microscope of his construction [33– 35].”
Advancing and refining archaeological dental calculus research using multiomic frameworks
Wright, S., Dobney, K. M., & Weyrich, L. S. (2021) · STAR Science & Technology of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1080/20548923.2021.1882122 · Cited by 26
Taxonomic Analysis of Oral Microbiome during Orthodontic Treatment
Campobasso, A., Muzio, E. L., Battista, G., Ciavarella, D., Crincoli, V., & Muzio, L. L. (2021) · International Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1155/2021/8275181 · Cited by 32
“&e culture-dependent techniques do not allow a correct analysis of the oral microbiome in orthodontic patients, as the abundant microbial species could not be isolated and cultured at the same time [20].”
BackgroundInfluentialType II taste cells participate in mucosal immune surveillance
Qin, Y., Palayyan, S. R., Zheng, X. M., Tian, S., Margolskee, R. F., & Sukumaran, S. K. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001647 · Cited by 24
Regueira‐Iglesias, A., Vázquez-González, L., Balsa‐Castro, C., Vila-Blanco, N., Blanco‐Pintos, T., Tamames, J., Carreira, M. J., & Tomás, I. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01481-6 · Cited by 24
“Introduction The oral microbiota is the second-largest and most diverse in the human body, containing over 700 microbial species [1].”
BackgroundCharacterization of oral bacterial and fungal microbiome in recovered COVID-19 patients
Wei, N., Zhu, G., Zhao, T., Wang, Y., Lou, H., Li, H., Yang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Han, M., et al. (2023) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-023-02872-3 · Cited by 24
“As the second largest microbial community in humans, the oral microbiome plays crucial roles in maintaining oral homeostasis and is reportedly involved in the recovery of various diseases [36–38].”
BackgroundSilk Fibroin/ZnO Coated TiO2 Nanotubes for Improved Antimicrobial Effect of Ti Dental Implants
Păun, A. G., Dumitriu, C., Ungureanu, C., & Popescu, S. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16175855 · Cited by 24
Oral microbiome and oral cancer – The probable nexus
Deo, P. N., & Deshmukh, R. S. (2020) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology · doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_20_20 · Cited by 23
“16S rRNA sequencing only determines the presence or abundance of bacterial species and allows researchers to draw observational conclusions.[51]”
BackgroundSelf-citationHameed, S., Hans, S., Monasky, R. C., Thangamani, S., & Fatima, Z. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10020183 · Cited by 24
“Among nearly 700 species found in the oral cavity, about 54% have been cultivated and named, 14% are cultivated but unnamed, and 32% are recognized simply as unrefined phylotypes (from the Human Oral Microbiome Database) [10].”
Oral Microbiome and Host Health: Review on Current Advances in Genome-Wide Analysis
Cho, Y., Kim, K.-H., Lee, Y., Ku, Y., & Seol, Y. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11094050 · Cited by 26
“The human oral cavity is the second largest microbial habitat comprising fungi, bacteria, and viruses, after the intestines, and has a special niche consisting of soft tissue of the gingiva and oral mucosa and the hard tissue of the teeth [1].”
BackgroundAssessing the drug resistance profiles of oral probiotic lozenges
Wang, Y., Dong, J., Wang, J., Chi, W., Zhou, W. J., Tian, Q., Hong, Y., Zhou, X., Ye, H., Tian, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2021.2019992 · Cited by 25
“0 considered ideal for most bacteria, as well as the moist and large surface areas in the oral cavity, further encourage the trafficking of resistance determinants [70].”
BackgroundGao, L., Cheng, Z., Zhu, F., Bi, C., Shi, Q., & Chen, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Big Data · doi:10.3389/fdata.2022.927520 · Cited by 23
“The oral microbiome comprises billions of microorganisms composed of more than 700 species of bacteria, as well as fungi, viruses, and protozoa (Deo and Deshmukh, 2019).”
BackgroundMacrophages immunomodulation induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral antimicrobial peptides
Blancas-Luciano, B. E., Zamora‐Chimal, J., Rosenzweig, P. G. D. S.-D., Ramos-Mares, M., & Fernández-Presas, A. M. (2023) · Odontology · doi:10.1007/s10266-023-00798-w · Cited by 25
“Oral health depends on the homeostatic balance between the host immune response and the microbiota of the oral cavity, constituted by approximately 700 microbial species [1, 2].”
BackgroundKostares, E., Kostare, G., Kostares, M., & Καντζάνου, Μ. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37652-6 · Cited by 23
Mediterranean diet: a potential player in the link between oral microbiome and oral diseases
Augimeri, G., Caparello, G., Caputo, I., Reda, R., Testarelli, L., & Bonofiglio, D. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2329474 · Cited by 25
“It accounts for approximately 700 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa [1], which colonize teeth, tongue, cheeks, gingival sulcus, tonsils, hard and soft palate, as well as the surfaces of the oral cavity [2,3].”
BackgroundThe Role of the Innate Immune Response in Oral Mucositis Pathogenesis
Bowen, J. M., & Cross, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216314 · Cited by 23
“The oral cavity has the second largest and diverse microbiota after the gut, harboring over 700 species of bacteria [25].”
BackgroundMultikingdom oral microbiome interactions in early-onset cryptogenic ischemic stroke
Manzoor, M., Leskelä, J., Pietiäinen, M., Martinez‐Majander, N., Ylikotila, P., Könönen, E., Niiranen, T., Lahti, L., Sinisalo, J. P., Jukka Putaala, A., et al. (2024) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1093/ismeco/ycae088 · Cited by 23
“These factors could potentially contribute to oral microbiome dysbiosis [68].”
Vitamin biosynthesis in the gut: interplay between mammalian host and its resident microbiota
Tarracchini, C., Lordan, C., Milani, C., Moreira, L. D. P. D., Alabedallat, Q. M., de LeBlanc, A. D. M., Turroni, F., Lugli, G. A., Mancabelli, L., Longhi, G., et al. (2025) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00184-23 · Cited by 29
Luo, X., Wang, Y., Ning, T., Lei, Q., Cui, H., Zou, X., Chen, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, X., Tan, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03457-0 · Cited by 25
“The oral microbiome is composed of over 700 different bacterial strains, and in a healthy state, the interactions within the oral microbiota and between it and the host are in a state of dynamic equilibrium [1].”
Does the Amniotic Fluid of Mice Contain a Viable Microbiota?
Winters, A. D., Romero, R. J., Greenberg, J. M., Galaz, J., Shaffer, Z., Garcia‐Flores, V., Kracht, D. J., Gomez‐Lopez, N., & Theis, K. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.820366 · Cited by 23
Kateete, D. P., Mbabazi, M., Nakazzi, F., Katabazi, F. A., Kigozi, E., Ssengooba, W., Nakiyingi, L., Namiiro, S. M., Okwera, A., Joloba, M. L., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04271-y · Cited by 22
Guo, Y., Kitamoto, S., Caballero-Flores, G. G., Kim, Y., Watanabe, D., Sugihara, K., Núñez, G., Alteri, C. J., Inohara, N., & Kamada, N. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2333463 · Cited by 24
Act Locally, Act Globally—Microbiota, Barriers, and Cytokines in Atherosclerosis
Kurilenko, N., Fatkhullina, A. R., Mazitova, A., & Koltsova, E. K. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10020348 · Cited by 22
The Prevalence of Gingival Dendritic Cell Subsets in Periodontal Patients
Sharawi, H., Heyman, O., Mizraji, G., Horev, Y., Laviv, A., Shapira, L., Yona, S., Hovav, A., & Wilensky, A. (2021) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345211004864 · Cited by 22
“The oral mucosa is home to a highly diverse community of microorganisms (Deo and Deshmukh 2019).”
BackgroundEnterococcal-host interactions in the gastrointestinal tract and beyond
Madani, W. A. M., Ramos, Y., Cubillos‐Ruiz, J. R., & Morales, D. K. (2024) · FEMS Microbes · doi:10.1093/femsmc/xtae027 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Deo, P., & Deshmukh, R.
- Affiliations
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) (IN)
- Venue
- Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 122
- ISSN
- 0973-029X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6503789
- OpenAlex
- W2952216579
- Semantic Scholar
- 011d7d246666d3378bdbf330e6a83816e349f558
- Cited by
- 1,121
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 162 · 2025: 214 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 87.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- oral microbiota, oral health, oral diseases, microbial colonization, oral mucosa, dental plaque, next-generation sequencing, precision medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
