Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale
Open accessAbstract
Significance: The physiology and ecology of complex microbial communities are strongly dependent on the immediate surroundings of each microbe, including the identity of neighboring microbes; however, information on the micron-scale organization of microbiomes is largely lacking. Using sequencing data combined with spectral fluorescence imaging, we have discovered a multigenus, highly organized microbial consortium in human dental plaque. The spatial structure of the consortium reveals unanticipated interactions and provides a framework for understanding the organization, metabolism, and systems biology of the microbiome and ultimately, its effect on the health of the human host. Our synthesis of high-throughput sequencing data with spatial and structural information shows the informative value of microbial biogeography at the micron scale.
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Biofilms, with anaerobic centers and aerobic peripheries, exhibit gradients of oxygenation.
“Biofilms, with anaerobic centers and aerobic peripheries, exhibit gradients of oxygenation.60, 61”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
Spectral imaging and fluorescence in situ hybridization offer a different perspective of biofilm structure, in which a radially arranged consortium of bacteria forms along the annulus of filamentous Corynebacteria.
“Spectral imaging and fluorescence in situ hybridization offer a different perspective of biofilm structure, in which a radially arranged consortium of bacteria forms along the annulus of filamentous Corynebacteria.61”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
Aerobic streptococci create an anaerobic environment via the production of carbon dioxide, lactate, and acetate, facilitating the growth of anaerobic Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, and Capnocytophaga species.
“Moreover, aerobic streptococci create an anaerobic environment via the production of carbon dioxide, lactate, and acetate, facilitating the growth of anaerobic Fusobacterium , Leptotrichia, and Capnocytophaga species.61”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
The oral cavity as a microbial environment is complicated by spatial gradients created by salivary flow, nutrient availability, oxygen concentration, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluids, in addition to regular environmental disturbances caused by eating and mastication, facial movement related to speaking and expression, and oral hygiene practices.
“The oral cavity as a microbial environment is further complicated by spatial gradients created by salivary flow, nutrient availability, oxygen concentration, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluids,61, 227, 231, 232 in addition to regular environmental disturbances caused by eating and mastication, facial movement related to speaking and expression, and oral hygiene practices.227”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
While traditional models recognize Fusobacterium as critical for connecting early and late biofilm successors, findings from this study instead found Corynebacterium as the cornerstone of biofilm development.
“While traditional models recognize Fusobacterium as critical for connecting early and late biofilm successors, findings from this study instead found Cornybacterium as the cornerstone of biofilm development.61, 236”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
This model shows that microbial localization is organized in such a way that position reflects functional and metabolic capacities, with anaerobic taxa toward the interior and aerobic organisms at the periphery.
“This model shows that microbial localization is organized in such a way that position reflects functional and metabolic capacities, with anaerobic taxa toward the interior and aerobic organisms at the periphery.61”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
Colonization by Corynebacterium provides long filaments on which distinct microenvironments are created, and streptococci at the periphery of oral biofilms produce lactate, which serves as a preferred substrate for catabolism by Veillonella, Corynebacterium, and Eubacterium species.
“For example, colonization by Corynebacterium provides long filaments on which distinct microenvironments are created, and streptococci at the periphery of oral biofilms produce lactate, which serves as a preferred substrate for catabolism by Veillonella, Corynebacterium, and Eubacterium species.61, 233”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
Addition of fiber led to a decrease in Corynebacterium species, which are recognized as a cornerstone of oral biofilm formation.
“Moreover, the addition of fiber led to a decrease in Corynebacterium species, which are recognized as a cornerstone of oral biofilm formation.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
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- Authors
- Mark Welch, J. L., Rossetti, B. J., Rieken, C. W., Dewhirst, F. E., & Borisy, G. G.
- Affiliations
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- Marine Biological Laboratory (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-01-25
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- E791-800
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4760785
- OpenAlex
- W2252298505
- Cited by
- 968
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 114.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE 022586)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- oral microbiota, supragingival plaque, microbial biogeography, microbial consortia, metabolic niche, lactate metabolism, fluorescence in situ hybridization, spectral imaging
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Dental Plaque, Gingiva, Humans, Models, Biological, Mouth, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Metagenomics, Phylogeography, Microbial Consortia, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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