The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals
Open accessAbstract
The oral cavity has the second largest and diverse microbiota after the gut harboring over 700 species of bacteria. It nurtures numerous microorganisms which include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. The mouth with its various niches is an exceptionally complex habitat where microbes colonize the hard surfaces of the teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa. In addition to being the initiation point of digestion, the oral microbiome is crucial in maintaining oral as well as systemic health. Because of the ease of sample collection, it has become the most well-studied microbiome till date. Previously, studying the microbiome was limited to the conventional culture-dependent techniques, but the abundant microflora present in the oral cavity could not be cultured. Hence, studying the microbiome was difficult. The emergence of new genomic technologies including next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics has revealed the complexities of the oral microbiome. It has provided a powerful means of studying the microbiome. Understanding the oral microbiome in health and disease will give further directions to explore the functional and metabolic alterations associated with the diseased states and to identify molecular signatures for drug development and targeted therapies which will ultimately help in rendering personalized and precision medicine. This review article is an attempt to explain the different aspects of the oral microbiome in health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“After the colon, the oral microbiome represents the second most diverse microbiota in the human host, with over 700 bacterial species presently identified.35”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“due to improved understanding of the crucial role played by the oral microbiome in initiating food digestion and maintaining oral and systemic health.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Fraser-Liggett, C. M., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06244 · Cited by 6,091
Dewhirst, F. E., Chen, T., Izard, J., Paster, B. J., Tanner, A. C. R., Yu, W.-H., Lakshmanan, A., & Wade, W. G. (2010) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00542-10 · Cited by 3,352
Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity
Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.11.5721-5732.2005 · Cited by 3,092
Janda, J. M., & Abbott, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01228-07 · Cited by 2,447
Occlusal Caries: Biological Approach for Its Diagnosis and Management
Carvalho, J. C., Dige, I., Mačhiulskienė, V., Qvist, V., Bakhshandeh, A., Parolo, C. C. F., & Maltz, M. (2016) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000448662 · Cited by 2,159
The oral microbiome in health and disease
Wade, W. G. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.006 · Cited by 1,347
Defining the healthy “core microbiome” of oral microbial communities
Zaura, E., Keijser, B. J., Huse, S. M., & Crielaard, W. (2009) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-259 · Cited by 1,323
The oral microbiome – an update for oral healthcare professionals
Kilian, M., Chapple, I. L. C., Hannig, M., Marsh, P. D., Meuric, V., Pedersen, A. M. L., Tonetti, M. S., Wade, W. G., & Zaura, E. (2016) · British Dental Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.865 · Cited by 1,269
Chen, T., Yu, W.-H., Izard, J., Baranova, O. V., Lakshmanan, A., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2010) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/baq013 · Cited by 1,162
Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale
Mark Welch, J. L., Rossetti, B. J., Rieken, C. W., Dewhirst, F. E., & Borisy, G. G. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1522149113 · Cited by 968
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [11]Sowmya Y A review on the human oral microflora Res Rev 2016 4 1 5
- [13]Batabyal B Chakraborty S Biswas S Role of the oral microflora in human population: A brief review Int J Pharm Life Sci 2012 3 2220 7
- [40]The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet 2007 Last accessed on 2018 Dec 03 Washington (DC) National Academies Press (US) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54006/ 21678629
- [50]Moon JH Lee JH Probing the diversity of healthy oral microbiome with bioinformatics approaches BMB Rep 2016 49 662 70 27697111 PMC5346311
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,000
An, S., Hull, R., Métris, A., Barrett, P., Webb, J. S., & Stoodley, P. (2021) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/lam.13618 · Cited by 14
“After the gut, the oral cavity is the second largest microbial community in humans (Deo and Deshmukh 2019), and undergoes continuous environmental changes in parameters such as carbohydrate source and availability, pH, oxygen tension and redox potential (Kilian et al. 2016; Deo and Deshmukh 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCurrent Issues and Perspectives in Antimicrobials use in Dental Practice
Santacroce, L., Spirito, F., Bottalico, L., Muzio, E. L., Charitos, I. A., Potenza, M. A., Montagnani, M., & Jirillo, E. (2022) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612828666220920114723 · Cited by 15
Gancz, A. S., & Weyrich, L. S. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.129036.1 · Cited by 12
The oral microbial odyssey influencing chronic metabolic disease
Gupta, U., & Dey, P. (2023) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2023.2296346 · Cited by 14
“Following are examples of a few oral microorganisms that play a crucial role in oral diseases (Deo and Deshmukh 2019, caselli et al. 2020, li et al. 2022b): Streptococcus spp.: the oral cavity often harbours S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and S. salivarius.”
Innovative engineering approaches to model host-microbiome interactions in vitro
Azamar, K. M. M., Sudi, S. D., Mohammadalizadeh, Z., Coffin, C., Parker, I., & Porras, A. M. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115677 · Cited by 13
Wodzanowski, K. A., Hyland, S. N., Chinthamani, S., Sandles, L., Honma, K., Sharma, A., & Grimes, C. (2022) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00333 · Cited by 10
Salivaomics to decode non-coding RNAs in oral cancer. A narrative review
Rajendran, P., Sekar, R., Zahra, H. A., Jayaraman, S., Rajagopal, P., Abdallah, B. M., Ali, E. M., Abdelsalam, S. A., & Veeraraghavan, V. (2023) · Non-coding RNA Research · doi:10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.05.001 · Cited by 13
Oral mucosa immunity: ultimate strategy to stop spreading of pandemic viruses
Jang, H., Matsuoka, M., & Freire, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220610 · Cited by 13
“In a homeostatic state, the microbial community acts as a barrier against colonization of foreign agents and aids differentiation/ maturation of the oral immune system (114).”
BackgroundFazli, F. A., Babaei, A., Moazeni, M., Fazli, H., Nahvi, A. V., Ebrahimnejad, P., & Nokhodchi, A. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105361 · Cited by 15
Amer, L., Retout, M., & Jokerst, J. V. (2024) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.91165 · Cited by 14
“The oral cavity contains the highest diversity of microorganisms among all human microbial environments and serves as a primary site of colonization and cross-kingdom interactions between fungi and bacteria [1, 2].”
BackgroundTzimas, K., Rahiotis, C., & Pappa, E. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17071474 · Cited by 13
Shen, S., Liu, X., Huang, J., Sun, Y., Liu, B., Song, W., Meng, L., Du, M., & Feng, Q. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04255-0 · Cited by 14
“The oral cavity constitutes a complex microbial ecosystem, ranking as the second-largest microbial community following the intestines [1].”
BackgroundAdvances of Metal‐Based Nanomaterials in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Infections
Qi, J., Si, C., Liu, H., Li, H., Kong, C., Wang, Y., & Chang, B. (2025) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202500416 · Cited by 15
Angjelova, A., Jovanova, E., Polizzi, A., Leonardi, R. M., & Isola, G. (2025) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics14080815 · Cited by 18
“This organization supports oral homeostasis, defending the oral cavity, and inhibiting the progression of diseases [5].”
Stefura, T., Zapała, B., Gosiewski, T., Krzysztofik, M., Skomarovska, O., & Major, P. (2021) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2021.01.011 · Cited by 14
Changes in the microbiome during oral wound healing
Michalczyk, E. R., Senderak, A. R., Jones, R. M., Coulter, W. H., & Goudy, S. L. (2022) · Dentistry Review · doi:10.1016/j.dentre.2022.100040 · Cited by 13
Gregorczyk‐Maga, I., Fiema, M., Kania, M., Jachowicz-Matczak, E., Romaniszyn, D., Gerreth, K., Klupa, T., & Wójkowska‐Mach, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032252 · Cited by 14
“In the general population, the oral microflora consists mainly of Firmicutes (Streptococcus, Veillonella, Granulicatella), Proteobacteria (Neisseria, Haemophilus), Actinobacteria (Corynebacterium, Rothia, Actinomyces), Bacteroidetes (Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, Porphyromonas) and Fusobacteria (Fusobacterium) [3,11,31,…”
BackgroundPascual, J., Otal, J. M., Torrent, D., Porcar, M., Vilanova, C., & Cuadras, F. V. (2023) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2023.2185962 · Cited by 16
“A healthy human oral cavity harbours one of the most complex and diverse human microbiomes comprising over 10(9) bacteria belonging to at least 700 different species [1,2].”
BackgroundΑντωνιάδου, Μ., Rozos, G., Vaiou, N., Zaralis, K., Ersanli, Ç., Alexopoulos, A., Tzora, A., Varzakas, T. H., & Voidarou, C. C. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12010060 · Cited by 13
“Unlike gastrointestinal microbiota, oral microbial communities exhibit minimal changes due to diet and environment, except for an increased diversity in caries and periodontal diseases [96–98].”
BackgroundPlummer, E. L., Maddaford, K., Murray, G. L., Fairley, C. K., Pasricha, S., Mu, A., Bradshaw, C. S., Williamson, D. A., & Chow, E. P. F. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01757-21 · Cited by 12
“Oropharyngeal gonorrhea during study period No 149 (97) 74 (99) 75 (96) Yes 4 (3) 1 (1) 3 (4)”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat Are the Potential Benefits of Using Bacteriophages in Periodontal Therapy?
Kowalski, J., Górska, R., Cieślik, M., Górski, A., & Jończyk‐Matysiak, E. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11040446 · Cited by 15
“the oral cavity, play a role in maintaining oral and systemic health [43].”
BackgroundThe oral microbiome of root caries: A scoping review
Zhang, R. R., Zhang, J. S., Huang, S., Lam, W. Y. H., Chu, C.-H., & Yu, O. Y. (2025) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105899 · Cited by 13
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes as an Antimicrobial Weapon for Orodental Infections
Jafari, N., Khoradmehr, A., Moghiminasr, R., & Habashi, M. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.795682 · Cited by 12
Autophagy in aging-related oral diseases
Peña‐Oyarzún, D., Martin, C. S., Hernández‐Cáceres, M. P., Lavandero, S., Morselli, E., Budini, M., Burgos, P. V., & Criollo, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.903836 · Cited by 13
Aodah, A. H., Balaha, M. F. H., Jawaid, T., Khan, M. M., Ansari, M. J., & Alam, A. (2023) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics12050835 · Cited by 14
“More than seven hundred microbial species colonize human oral cavities, and each individual carries hundreds of microbial species [22].”
BackgroundOrmaasen, I., Rudi, K., Diep, D. B., & Snipen, L. G. (2023) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-023-09388-0 · Cited by 12
Aspects of oral streptococcal metabolic diversity: Imagining the landscape beneath the fog
Zuber, P., & Kreth, J. (2023) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.15106 · Cited by 12
“…700 species and/or taxonomic units of bacteria have been identified in metagenomic analysis of dental biofilms, with individuals carrying anywhere between 150 and 300 different taxonomic units (Bik et al., 2010; Deo & Deshmukh, 2019 ; Jenkinson, 2011; Jenkinson & Lamont, 2005; Paster et al., 2006).”
BackgroundKövér, Z., Bán, Á., Gajdács, M., Polgár, B., & Urbán, E. Z. (2023) · European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1556/1886.2023.00041 · Cited by 12
“The human oral cavity is colonized by a diverse community of bacterial species, which are major contributors to homeostasis and disease for oral and systemic health [22].”
BackgroundEvaluation of noninvasive biospecimens for transcriptome studies
Martorella, M., Kasela, S., Garcia-Flores, R., Gokden, A., Castel, S. E., & Lappalainen, T. (2023) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-023-09875-4 · Cited by 11
“2b) [41–44].”
Kamaruddin, A., Harun, W. H. F. W., Bakri, M., Abidin, S. A. Z., Giribabu, N., & Rahman, S. N. S. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33422 · Cited by 9
“These factors include the specific microbial species that are introduced into the oral cavity and their interactions with the existing oral microbiota, and the host ’ s immune response [3].”
BackgroundLi, P., Zhang, H., & Dai, M. (2024) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217274 · Cited by 14
Possibilities of Application of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas in Dentistry—A Narrative Review
Banaszak, A., Terefinko, D., Motyka‐Pomagruk, A., Grzebieluch, W., Wdowiak, J., Pohl, P., Śledź, W., Malicka, B., Jamróz, P., Skośkiewicz−Malinowska, K., et al. (2024) · Plasma Processes and Polymers · doi:10.1002/ppap.202400246 · Cited by 13
Oral microbiota in head and neck cancer patients during radiotherapy: a systematic review
Kwiatkowski, D., Schuch, L. F., Klaus, N. M., Martins, M. D., Hilgert, J. B., & Hashizume, L. N. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09191-5 · Cited by 12
“Recognizing the effects of RT on the oral microbiota is crucial given its pivotal role in maintaining the balance of the oral ecosystem and promoting overall health [16, 39].”
Triggering mouth-resident antiviral CD8+ T cells potentiates experimental periodontitis
Saavedra, F. M., Brotto, D. B., Joag, V., Matson, C. A., Nesmiyanov, P. P., Herzberg, M. C., Vezys, V., Masopust, D., & Stolley, J. M. (2025) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.02.003 · Cited by 12
Animal models of oral infectious diseases
Li, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y.-H., Chen, Y., Hou, J.-L., Wang, D., Shi, L., & Shen, J. Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1571492 · Cited by 12
Murugesan, S., Elanbari, M., Bangarusamy, D. K., Terranegra, A., & Khodor, S. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.772736 · Cited by 12
Chaiyasut, C., Sirilun, S., Juntarachot, N., Tongpong, P., Ouparee, W., Sivamaruthi, B. S., Peerajan, S., Waditee‐Sirisattha, R., Prombutara, P., Klankeo, P., et al. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12031650 · Cited by 12
Microbial Normal Flora: Its Existence And Their Contribution To Homeostasis
Sunarti, L. S. (2022) · Journal of Advances in Microbiology · doi:10.9734/jamb/2022/v22i930483 · Cited by 13
“The composition of normal microbial flora in oral cavity carry a broad spectrum of microorganism, which are predominantly anaerobic such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Arachnia, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Peptococcus, Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Selenomonas, Treponema, Propionibact…”
BackgroundThe Effect of Bacterial Composition Shifts in the Oral Microbiota on Alzheimer's Disease
Moghadam, M. T., Mojtahedi, A., Bakhshayesh, B., Babakhani, S., Ajorloo, P., Shariati, A., Mirzaei, M., Heidarzadeh, S., & Jazi, F. M. (2022) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524023666220819140748 · Cited by 12
Could Weaning Remodel the Oral Microbiota Composition in Donkeys? An Exploratory Study
Zhang, Z., Huang, B., Wang, Y., Zhu, M., & Wang, C. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12162024 · Cited by 12
“The oral cavity, a part of the digestive system, provides a unique environment for the colonization of microorganisms [12].”
BackgroundMicrobiological Profile of Infectious Keratitis During Covid-19 Pandemic
Lima-Fontes, M., Martinho-Dias, D., Leuzinger-Dias, M., Cunha, A. M., Cardoso, P., Torrão, L., Moreira, R., Falcão‐Reis, F., & Pinheiro-Costa, J. (2023) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s395877 · Cited by 12
“are knowns commensal of the oral cavity.(31) While these bacteria are commonly found in the conjunctiva of healthy adults and are considered non-pathogenic, they can cause ocular infections in patients with compromised immunity, such as those with diabetes or long-term users of topical steroids, as well as those with…”
BackgroundBrzezińska-Zając, A., Sycińska-Dziarnowska, M., Spagnuolo, G., Szyszka‐Sommerfeld, L., & Woźniak, K. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064824 · Cited by 12
“The oral cavity is a place where many types of microorganisms—from bacteria and viruses to fungi—coexist, as confirmed by the work of numerous researchers [22,23].”
BackgroundRichardson, B. N., Noh, H. I., Webster, C., Zhang, W., Kim, S., Yang, I. H., & Bai, J. (2023) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2022.0182 · Cited by 12
“…, Actinobacteria , Proteo-bacteria , Fusobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Spirochaetes , and smaller proportions of other phyla, including Chlamydiae , Chloroflexi , Spirochaetes , SR1, Synergistetes , Sacchar-ibacteria (TM7), and Gracilibacteria (GN02) (Deo and Deshmukh, 2019; Verma et al., 2018).”
A Survey of Bacterial Microcompartment Distribution in the Human Microbiome
Asija, K., Sutter, M., & Kerfeld, C. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.669024 · Cited by 12
Jozaghi, E., & Jozaghi, P. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048616/v1 · Cited by 12
Prevalence and risk factors of oral cavity parasites in pregnant women in Western Iran
Azadbakht, K., Baharvand, P., Artemes, P., Niazi, M., & Mahmoudvand, H. (2022) · Parasite Epidemiology and Control · doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00275 · Cited by 12
Marroquin, T. Y., & Guauque-Olarte, S. (2023) · Japanese Dental Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.12.001 · Cited by 11
“The included papers analyzed the effect of seven out of 700 bacteria species present in the mouth [52].”
The Oral Microbiome Profile of Water Polo Players Aged 16–20
Kalabiska, I., Annár, D., Kéki, Z., Borbas, Z., Bhattoa, H. P., & Zsákai, A. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11110216 · Cited by 13
“Water polo players’ oral microbiome differed from age-matched non-athletes; 4.”
BackgroundAnanda, N., Suniarti, D. F., & Bachtiar, E. W. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.139697.1 · Cited by 11
Dynamics of Human Palatal Wound Healing and the Associated Microbiome
Yuan, H., Chlipala, G. E., Bangash, H. I., Meenakshi, R., Chen, D., Trivedi, H. M., DiPietro, L. A., Gajendrareddy, P. K., & Chen, L. (2024) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345241288761 · Cited by 11
“The improved healing capacity of oral wounds can be attributed in part to the greater microbial diversity found in the oral cavity compared with that in the skin (Deo and Deshmukh 2019).”
Adelfio, M., Callen, G. E., Diaz, A. R., Paster, B. J., He, X., Hastürk, H., & Ghezzi, C. E. (2025) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-024-00641-2 · Cited by 11
“Host-microbiome interactions are known to be fundamental in maintaining the local and systemic health of the human body 2 in terms of immune regulation, barrier functions, protection against pathogen invasion, or energy generation for metabolic functions 3 .”
Antezack, A., Boxberger, M., Scola, B. L., & Monnet‐Corti, V. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10030367 · Cited by 11
“The human oral microbiome consists of a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and archaea and is thus, after the gut, the second largest human microbial community [1].”
BackgroundLaser printing: trends and perspectives
Chichkov, B. (2022) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-022-06158-9 · Cited by 10
Streptococcus mutans Associated with Endo-Periodontal Lesions in Intact Teeth
Buonavoglia, A., Trotta, A., Camero, M., Cordisco, M., Dimuccio, M. M., & Corrente, M. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app122211837 · Cited by 11
Salivary Biomarkers in Periodontitis Post Scaling and Root Planing
Priya, K., Mahendra, J., Mahendra, L., Kanakamedala, A., Alsharif, K. F., Mugri, M. H., Varadarajan, S., Alamoudi, A. A., Hassan, A. A.-H. A.-A., Alnfiai, M. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11237142 · Cited by 11
Galvin, S., Moran, G. P., & Healy, C. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2023.1166037 · Cited by 12
Nam, J., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Choi, H., Lee, S. Y., & Yang, D. (2025) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108782 · Cited by 11
Riaz, N., Alban, T. J., Haddad, R. I., Saul, M. E., Makarov, V., Zhu, Y., Cohen, E. E. W., Ferris, R. L., Chang, P. M., Lin, J.-C., et al. (2026) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-025-01068-0 · Cited by 12
“4b) 42,43 .”
Ha, Y.-E., So, Y. J., Im, J., Yun, C., Park, J., & Han, S. H. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110161 · Cited by 10
Rodriguez‐Agurto, A., Bravo, M., Magán‐Fernández, A., López‐Toruño, A., Muñoz, R., Ferrer, J., & Mesa, F. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33521-4 · Cited by 13
“Disruption of this balance generates microbiome dysbiosis, producing diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis 3,4 .”
Anjali, K., Manzoor, M., Suryavanshi, M. V., Rudrapathy, P., Rekha, P. D., Das, R., Hameed, A., & Arun, A. B. (2023) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnad111 · Cited by 10
Soluble Human Lectins at the Host–Microbe Interface
Peiffer, A. L., Dugan, A. E., & Kiessling, L. L. (2024) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012322 · Cited by 10
Kriswandini, I. L., Sidarningsih, S., Hermanto, A. C., Tyas, P. R., & Aljunaid, M. (2024) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782215 · Cited by 10
Vrankova, Z. M., Brenerová, P., Bodokyova, L., Bohm, J., Růžička, F., & Linhartová, P. B. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-05062-3 · Cited by 10
“Disruption of homeostasis in the oral microbiota can lead to a wide range of problems, including caries, gum inflammations, aphthae, halitosis, etc. [31].”
BackgroundSite-specific impact of polyphenols on the gastrointestinal microbiome
Ebrahimi, F., Subbiah, V., Ağar, O. T., Legione, A. R., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2434961 · Cited by 10
“Due to the anatomical nature of the oral cavity, many species of microbes can grow in its various parts, such as the hard dental surfaces or the soft mucosal tissues of tonsils and palates (Deo and Deshmukh 2019; Nearing et al. 2020).”
Olejnik, P., Golenia, A., & Małyszko, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26041590 · Cited by 10
“Oral microbiota usually form a biofilm, whose main role is to maintain oral homeostasis and prevent disease development [77].”
Li, Z., Yang, X., Zhang, D., Shi, X., Lei, L., Zhou, F., Li, W., Xu, T., Liu, X., Wang, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-04555-5 · Cited by 10
Streptococcus anginosus: the potential role in the progression of gastric cancer
Xia, K., Zhou, Y., Wang, W., & Cai, Y. (2025) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-025-06201-1 · Cited by 10
“The human oral microbiome is a highly complex eco-system, predominantly composed of bacteria, with a richness and diversity second only to that of the gut (Deo and Deshmukh 2019).”
Mahendrarajan, V., Lazarus, H. P. S., Muthukaliannan, G. K., Varghese, S. S., & Easwaran, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1607931 · Cited by 12
Dysbiotic relationship between arthritis and the oral‐gut microbiome. A critical review
de Oliveira, R. C. G., Gardev, E., & Shaddox, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.13002 · Cited by 10
Fernandes, M., Azevedo, M. J., Campos, C., Ferreira, A. F., Azevedo, Á. F., Falcão‐Pires, I., Zaura, E., Ramalho, C. M. A., Campos, J., & Sampaio‐Maia, B. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12010080 · Cited by 10
“The oral cavity houses one of the most diverse microbiomes in the human body, harboring hundreds of species [7,8].”
BackgroundImpact of oral microbiota on pathophysiology of GVHD
Yamamoto, A., Kambara, Y., & Fujiwara, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132983 · Cited by 12
Oral Microbiome Traits of Type 1 Diabetes and Phenylketonuria Patients in Latvia
Abola, I., Gudrā, D., Ustinova, M., Frīdmanis, D., Emulina, D. E., Skadiņš, I., Brinkmane, A., Lauga-Tuņina, U., Gailīte, L., & Auzenbaha, M. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061471 · Cited by 10
“For this complex ecosystem to maintain a healthy balance, its environment must be consistently humid, with a temperature between 35 and 37 ◦C and a neutral pH [1].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Ficin Immobilized on Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Biofilms of Oral Pathogens
Baidamshina, D. R., Trizna, E. Y., Гончарова, С. С., Сорокин, А. В., Lavlinskaya, M. S., Melnik, A. P., Гафарова, Л. Ф., Харитонова, М. А., Ostolopovskaya, O. V., Artyukhov, V. G., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216090 · Cited by 11
“…were obtained and vortexed together. and CMCh200-immobilized Ficin in destroying oral biofilms was assessed on model biofilms grown Next, a fraction was used as an inoculum, while the rest was kept as a tooth plaque sample for metagenomic analysis via 16S rRNA barcoding. from tooth swabs obtained…”
BackgroundMethodSimpson, C. A., Schwartz, O., Eliby, D., Butler, C. A., Huang, K., O’brien-simpson, N. M., Callaghan, B. L., Dashper, S. G., Gooley, P. R., Whittle, S., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043221 · Cited by 14
Microbial community signatures for estimation of postmortem time intervals
Dash, H. R., & Das, S. (2022) · Advances in applied microbiology · doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2022.02.002 · Cited by 10
Choi, S.-G., Lee, E.-Y., Lee, O.-J., Kim, S., Kang, J.-Y., & Lim, J. S. (2022) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02201-6 · Cited by 11
Moreira, R. S. D. S., Novais, J. S., da Silva, R. F., Nunes, R. P., de Abreu, L. C. L., Dias, E. P., Castro, H. C., do Carmo, F. A., Rodrigues, C. R., de Sousa, V. P., et al. (2022) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/fst.118022 · Cited by 10
Moraes, M. M., Mendes, T. T., Borges, L., Marques, A. L., Núñez-Espinosa, C. A., Gonçalves, D. A. P., Simões, C. B., Vieira, T. S., Ladeira, R. V. P., Lourenço, T. G. B., et al. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11020339 · Cited by 11
“The oral cavity has the second largest and most diverse microbiota in the human body [20], with the microbiome representing approximately 30–60% of total saliva DNA [19,21].”
BackgroundPatridge, E. V., Gorakshakar, A., Molusky, M. M., Ogundijo, O., Janevski, A., Julian, C., Hu, L., Vuyisich, M., & Banavar, G. S. (2024) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2024.01.018 · Cited by 9
“Since digestion begins in the oral cavity [18,19], the impairment of either component can lead to digestion-related health issues, including putrefaction of foods and host proteins within the mouth [20].”
BackgroundAge-correlated changes in the canine oral microbiome
Kislik, G., Zhou, L., Rubbi, L., & Pellegrini, M. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1426691 · Cited by 9
The Effects of Recreational and Pharmaceutical Substance Use on Oral Microbiomes and Health
Esposito, M. M., Kalinowski, J., & Mikhaeil, M. (2024) · Bacteria · doi:10.3390/bacteria3030015 · Cited by 9
“The second largest and most varied microbiome after the gut is the oral microbiome, which includes about 700 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa [4].”
BackgroundThe Ocular Microbiome: Micro-Steps Towards Macro-Shift in Targeted Treatment? A Comprehensive Review
Trojacka, E., Izdebska, J., Szaflik, J. P., & Przybek-Skrzypecka, J. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12112232 · Cited by 10
Albani, R., Habib, S. R., Alqahtani, A. M., AlHelal, A. A., & Alrabiah, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40276 · Cited by 10
Garay‐Sarmiento, M., Yayci, A., Rutsch, Y., Kadaoui, H. E., Apelt, S., Englert, J., Boes, A., Kohse, M., Jakob, F., Bergs, T., et al. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c21111 · Cited by 9
Faisal, R. H., & Ali, A. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1543030 · Cited by 9
Exploring the impact of orthodontic appliances on the oral microbiome and inflammatory parameters
Nemec, M., Ringl, P., Spettel, K., Schneider, L., Kriz, R., Galazka, S., Sedlak, M., Jonke, E., Andrukhov, O., & Makristathis, A. (2025) · Progress in Orthodontics · doi:10.1186/s40510-025-00560-8 · Cited by 9
“Depending on location, the bacterial composition varies drastically with biofilms on the supra-or subgingival surfaces of teeth, plaques on tooth surfaces or oral mucosa, each inhabiting a specialized set of microbiotas [7, 8].”
Seenivasan, M. K., Natarajan, S., Ks, S., Sundarajan, S. K., Natarajan, S., & Arockiam, S. (2025) · Evidence-Based Dentistry · doi:10.1038/s41432-025-01149-0 · Cited by 9
Recent advancements in artificial intelligence‐powered cancer prediction from oral microbiome
Soghli, N., Khormali, A., Mahboubi, D., Peng, A., & Miguez, P. A. (2025) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.70000 · Cited by 13
Technology landscape and a short patentometric review for antibiofilm technologies
Speziali, M. G., Lívio, D. F., Tarabal, V. S., & Granjeiro, P. A. (2022) · World Patent Information · doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2022.102158 · Cited by 9
Positive feedback loop between dietary nitrate intake and oral health
Zhang, H., & Qin, L. (2023) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2023.04.008 · Cited by 10
Tomić, U., Nikolić, N., Čarkić, J., Mihailovic, D., Jelovac, D. B., Milašin, J., & Pucar, A. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12101194 · Cited by 9
“One of the most important factors in maintaining oral homeostasis is the oral microbiome, which is the second most diverse microbial community in the human body, harboring over 700 bacterial species so far identified [1].”
BackgroundSalivary signatures of oral-brain communication in sleep bruxers
Deng, Y., Zhu, C., Jiang, R., Yu, C., Zhao, J., Jiang, X., & Wen, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1321855 · Cited by 9
Czarnowski, M., Słowińska, M., Sawieljew, M., Wnorowska, U., Daniluk, T., Król, G., Karasiński, M., Okła, S., Savage, P. B., Piktel, E., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17020204 · Cited by 9
“…constituting the second largest microbiota within the human body and consisting of various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa [5], it is increasingly recognized that microbes occupying the mouth may give rise to systemic diseases if proper hygiene is not maintained [6].”
BackgroundUnveiling the Immunomodulatory Potential of Phenolic Compounds in Food Allergies
Simões, R., Ribeiro, A. C., Dias, R., de Freitas, V. A. P., Soares, S., & Pérez-Gregório, R. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040551 · Cited by 10
“First, the human gut microbiome has a crucial role in the digestion of food [144], increasing nutrient harvest [145,146] and altering appetite signalling [147,148].”
BackgroundZirk, M., Zöeller, J. E., Peters, F., Ringendahl, L., Buller, J., & Kreppel, M. (2020) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03492-1 · Cited by 9
“In regard to beta-lactamase-positive Prevotella strains, cefazolin and cefotaxime showed decreased activity, while the activity of ampicillin/ sulbactam continues to be effective against such strains [19] In general, the causative factor for the published variety of odontogenic head and neck infections is the oral cav…”
BackgroundIn vitro Candida albicans biofilm formation on different titanium surface topographies
Mouhat, M., Moorehead, R., & Murdoch, C. (2020) · Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry · doi:10.1080/26415275.2020.1829489 · Cited by 9
“Non-bacterial species such as protozoa, viruses and fungi (mainly Candida, Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cryptococcus) are also present [6].”
Lee, K., Kaspar, J., Rojas-Carreño, G., Walker, A., & Burne, R. (2021) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.14703 · Cited by 8
“…to accumulate from research on the oral microbiome, some of which has established a substantial and robust foundation that identifies microbes with the potential for the most significant impact on health and disease (Deshmukh & Nimish Deo, 2019; Dewhirst et al., 2010; Marsh & Zaura, 2017).”
BackgroundHealthy microbiome – a mere idea or a sound concept?
Najmanová, L., Vídeňská, P., & Cahová, M. (2022) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.934967 · Cited by 22
What’s next for computational systems biology?
Voit, E. O., Shah, A. M., Olivença, D. V., & Yoram Vodovotz, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Systems Biology · doi:10.3389/fsysb.2023.1250228 · Cited by 11
“Even our mouth microbiome varies in different niches (Deo and Deshmukh, 2019).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Deo, P., & Deshmukh, R.
- Affiliations
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) (IN)
- Venue
- Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 122
- ISSN
- 0973-029X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6503789
- OpenAlex
- W2952216579
- Semantic Scholar
- 011d7d246666d3378bdbf330e6a83816e349f558
- Cited by
- 1,121
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 162 · 2025: 214 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 87.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- oral microbiota, oral health, oral diseases, microbial colonization, oral mucosa, dental plaque, next-generation sequencing, precision medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
