Cited by 1,121Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchGut microbiota and healthOral Health Pathology and Treatment

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Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals

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Deo, PriyaNimish, Deshmukh, Revati·2019·Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

DOI 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_304_18PMC PMC6503789

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Abstract

The oral cavity has the second largest and diverse microbiota after the gut harboring over 700 species of bacteria. It nurtures numerous microorganisms which include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. The mouth with its various niches is an exceptionally complex habitat where microbes colonize the hard surfaces of the teeth and the soft tissues of the oral mucosa. In addition to being the initiation point of digestion, the oral microbiome is crucial in maintaining oral as well as systemic health. Because of the ease of sample collection, it has become the most well-studied microbiome till date. Previously, studying the microbiome was limited to the conventional culture-dependent techniques, but the abundant microflora present in the oral cavity could not be cultured. Hence, studying the microbiome was difficult. The emergence of new genomic technologies including next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics has revealed the complexities of the oral microbiome. It has provided a powerful means of studying the microbiome. Understanding the oral microbiome in health and disease will give further directions to explore the functional and metabolic alterations associated with the diseased states and to identify molecular signatures for drug development and targeted therapies which will ultimately help in rendering personalized and precision medicine. This review article is an attempt to explain the different aspects of the oral microbiome in health.

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Effect of Rosemary Endophytic Fungal Extract on Microhardness of Enamel and Its Inhibitory Effect on Glucosyltransferase Enzyme of Streptococcus mutans- An In Vitro Study
Balbaa, M., Taher, H., Hamza, N. K., & Balbool, B. A. (2024) · Egyptian Dental Journal /Egyptian Dental Journal · doi:10.21608/edj.2023.243731.2783 · Cited by 1
“This biofilm is present in a state of balance, in which development of disease occurs once this balance is disturbed from the normal inhabitant of the oral cavity [1–3] .”
Background
Temporal stability of tongue microbiota in older patients – A pilot study
Tsai, F., Yang, C., Lin, Y., Hsu, M., Hong, G., Yang, M., Wang, D., Huang, L.-J., Lin, C.-T., Hsu, W.-E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jds.2024.01.012 · Cited by 1
Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of autografts and xenografts synergy in rectifying attached keratinized gingiva deficiency
Дурново, Е. А., Galkina, E., Orlinskaya, N. Y., Kvashnina, M. S., & Sopina, A. Y. (2024) · Parodontologiya · doi:10.33925/1683-3759-2023-843 · Cited by 1
A Comparative Evaluation of Anti-candidal Efficacy of Commercially Available Neem Tablets and Denture Cleansers on Complete Dentures: An In Vivo Study
Shetty, O. K., Yadav, B. K., Nagpal, A., Sharma, C., Makhija, A., & Singh, A. (2024) · World Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2355 · Cited by 1
Relation of the microflora of oral cavity and gallbladder
Tendulkar, M., & Tendulkar, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-16098-1.00011-4 · Cited by 1
The Oral Microbiome in the Development of Oral Cancer
Сергеевна, К. Е., Schegoleva, A. A., Kononova, L. A., & Denisov, E. V. (2024) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893324020092 · Cited by 1
Isolation, Identification and Comparative Analysis of Oral Microbial Communities in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Scientific Investigation
Khan, H., & Rehmat, A. (2024) · Annals of Experimental and Molecular Biology · doi:10.23880/aemb-16000125 · Cited by 1
Dental caries and demineralization in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy
Salık, M., & Bakir, E. P. (2024) · Journal of Dental Sciences and Education · doi:10.51271/jdse-0028 · Cited by 1
Effect of Probiotic Yogurt on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Count in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Kaur, H., Singh, N., Mehta, A., Sharma, A., & Datta, S. (2024) · World Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2403 · Cited by 1
Dectin-1/SYK Activation Induces Antimicrobial Peptide and Negative Regulator of NF-κB Signaling in Human Oral Epithelial Cells
Inomata, M., ABE, M., KAWASE, Y., Hayashi, T., AMANO, S., & Sakagami, H. (2024) · In Vivo · doi:10.21873/invivo.13537 · Cited by 2
Impact of Pericoronary Microbiota Composition on Course of Recovery after Third Molar Alveotomy
Todorić, Z., Milošević, M., Mareković, I., & Biočić, J. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14050580 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of the dynamics of oral pathogenic microbiota in COVID-19 patients by genomic sequencing after application of foam with antimicrobial action
Олегович, Я. О., Krikheli, N. I., Maev, I. V., Zaborovsky, A. V., Levchenko, O. V., Galeeva, J. S., Валентиновна, С. Е., Андреев, Д. Н., Bely, P. A., Sokolov, F. S., et al. (2024) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2024-11-7-13 · Cited by 1
An Introduction to the Human Microbiome
Kotthapalli, P., & Archer, A. C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-3790-1_1 · Cited by 1
Techniques for Studying the Microbiome
Zain, M., Saba, S., Hussain, A., Khalid, J., Janiad, S., Mahmood, S., & Cheema, M. T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-3790-1_3 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of antifungal efficacy of albedo extract of Punica granatum on Candida albicans – An in vitro study
Kommalapati, V., Kumar, N. G. R., Karri, R. L., Ashok, S., Kumar, A. S., & Srilakshmi, D. (2024) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology · doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_301_23 · Cited by 1
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Mouthwash and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Plaque Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Mohapatra, S., Mohandas, R., Rajpurohit, L., & Patil, S. K. (2024) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-024-00393-0 · Cited by 1
“The oral cavity serves as a harbour for microbial growth due to ideal temperature and humidity characteristics [1].”
Navigating the multifaceted landscape of omics
Mudadla, T., Gola, S., & Sharma, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13595-8.00003-9 · Cited by 1
ANALYSIS OF DATA ABOUT THE DIGESTIVE TRACT MICROFLORA OF THE HUMANS AND WHITE RATS
Гринь, В. Г., Устенко, Р. Л., Svintsytska, N. L., Пілюгін, А. В., Fedorchenko, I. L., Tarasenko, Y. A., & Lytovka, V. V. (2025) · Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal · doi:10.21272/eumj.2025;13(1):28-38 · Cited by 1
Differential susceptibility of Streptococcus dentisani to dental surfaces: An atomic force microscopy study
Félix-Sicairos, B. K., Martínez-Martínez, R. E., Kolosovas‐Machuca, E. S., Ruiz-Garcia, J., Mira, Á., Cuellar‐Camacho, J. L., & Aranda‐Romo, S. (2025) · International Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s10123-025-00696-x · Cited by 1
“…reservoir of specialized pathogens that have evolved their lifestyles to exploit pH, ionic strength, and other conditions for their own benefit, allowing them to reproduce successfully, often with adverse consequences for the host (Zawadzki et al. 2016; Deo and Deshmukh 2019; Sedghi et al. 2021).”
Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Injection Molded, CAD–CAM Milled and Rapid Prototyped Resin Denture Base Surfaces: An In Vitro Study
Balaraman, G., Yogesh, P., Shafiullah, R. S., Kalidasan, B., Joanna Gracy, P., & Fathima, F. (2025) · International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1498 · Cited by 1
Differential Patterns of Gut and Oral Microbiomes in Hispanic Individuals with Cognitive Impairment
Wadop, Y. N., Vasquez, E. L., Mathews, J. J., Muhammad, J. A. S., Pirela, R. V., Satizábal, C. L., Gonzales, M. M., Tanner, J. A., Maestre, G. E., Fonteh, A. N., et al. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13102350 · Cited by 3
“The oral cavity harbors a diverse microbiota, second only to the gut, comprising over 770 bacterial species [15,16].”
CORRELATION IN BETWEEN ORAL BACTERIAL FLORA AND ORAL CANCER - A REVIEW ARTICLE
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Understanding Oral Diseases: Exploring Opportunities from Filipino Oral Microbiome Research
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Composition of Microbiomes
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Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis
Harney, T. L. (2022) · Dentistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.101477 · Cited by 1
Bacterial Flora in Dental Cavities after Traditional and Alternative Methods for Cavity Preparation
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Avaliação da eficácia de agentes desinfetantes na descontaminação de escovas dentais: estudo in vitro
Reginato, B. D. S., Dallepiane, F. G., Milani, A. C. C., Pasqualotto, E. M., Quevedo, L. M., Bacchi, L. G., Reginato, M. D. S., & Corralo, D. J. (2023) · Amazônia Science & Health · doi:10.18606/2318-1419/amazonia.sci.health.v11n1p82-92 · Cited by 1
Aspirin intervention, inflammation and the oral microbiome
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LACK OF EVIDENCE FOR A VIABLE MICROBIOTA IN MURINE AMNIOTIC FLUIDPreprint
Winters, A. D., Romero, R. J., Greenberg, J. M., Galaz, J., Shaffer, Z. D., Garcia‐Flores, V., Kracht, D. J., Gomez‐Lopez, N., & Theis, K. R. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455893 · Cited by 1
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Background
Human Microbiome and Disease
Meštrović, T., & Patterson, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00145-2 · Cited by 1
WITHDRAWNPreprint
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WITHDRAWNPreprint
Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v30 · Cited by 1
WITHDRAWNPreprint
Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-l393t-v33 · Cited by 1
Endodontic Infection Control in General Dentistry
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Diagnostic tools for oral infections based on artificial receptors
Hix‐Janssens, T. (2024) · doi:10.24834/isbn.9789178775095 · Cited by 1
Nutritional Regulation of the Microbiota - Can One Meal Change a Trillion Lives?
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Peer Review #1 of "Evaluation of computational methods for human microbiome analysis using simulated data (v0.2)"
(2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.9688v0.2/reviews/1
Peer Review #1 of "Evaluation of computational methods for human microbiome analysis using simulated data (v0.1)"
(2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.9688v0.1/reviews/1
Impact of perinatal factors on the maternal- neonatal microbiota and influence on health outcomes
Selma‐Royo, M. (2020) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/153159
Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation in Children
Tiburcio, Á. Z. (2020) · Gastroenterology Medicine & Research · doi:10.31031/gmr.2020.05.000604
“The rest of the Microbiota are located in the skin, the oral cavity, the vagina; ears, nose and throat, respiratory and urinary tracts [17-22].”
Background
EFFECT OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS ON TEETH MICROFLORA
Shet, V., Chodankar, S., Sawant, S., Gomes, C., Kandolkar, V., & D’Costa, D. (2021) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.36106/ijar/0714134
WITHDRAWNPreprint
Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v32
The influence of infant formulas on the growth of commensal and pathogenic Streptococcus species in the infant oral cavity
Waynick, G. (2021) · Hollins Digital Commons (Hollins University)

Authors: Deo, P., & Deshmukh, R.
Affiliations: Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) (IN)
Venue: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2019
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 122
ISSN: 0973-029X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_304_18
PMC: PMC6503789
OpenAlex: W2952216579
Semantic Scholar: 011d7d246666d3378bdbf330e6a83816e349f558
Cited by: 1,121
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 162 · 2025: 214 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 7
FWCI: 87.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-sa
Locations: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
Keywords: oral microbiota, oral health, oral diseases, microbial colonization, oral mucosa, dental plaque, next-generation sequencing, precision medicine

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Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals

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