The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Blockchain technology: principles and applications
Abstract
This chapter expounds the main principles behind blockchain technology and some of its cutting-edge applications. We first present the core concepts of the blockchain. Secondly, we discuss a definition put forward by Vitalik Buterin, we sketch out the shift toward hybrid solutions, and we sum up the main features of decentralized crypto-ledger platforms. Thirdly, we show why the blockchain is a disruptive and foundational technology, but we expose the potential risks and drawbacks of public distributed ledgers that account for the shift toward hybrid solutions. Finally, we present a non-exhaustive list of important applications, bearing in mind the most recent developments.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, consensus algorithms verify data accuracy [47], fortifying security and control over data access.”
From Federated learning meets blockchain in decentralized data-sharing: Healthcare use case (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
Citations
Cites
Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance
Böhme, R., Christin, N., Edelman, B. G., & Moore, T. (2015) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.29.2.213 · Cited by 1,882
Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia
Wright, A., & De Filippi, P. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2580664 · Cited by 928
The new digital age: reshaping the future of people, nations and business
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-1535 · Cited by 303
Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History
Friedman, M. R. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 256
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management
Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261 · Cited by 4,118
Casino, F., Dasaklis, T. K., & Patsakis, C. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.006 · Cited by 2,954
Blockchain technology in the energy sector: a systematic review of challenges and opportunities
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Abram, S., Geach, D., Jenkins, D., McCallum, P., & Peacock, A. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014 · Cited by 2,426
Designing microgrid energy markets
Mengelkamp, E., Gärttner, J., Rock, K., Kessler, S., Orsini, L., & Weinhardt, C. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.054 · Cited by 1,596
Blockchain technology and the sustainable supply chain: Theoretically exploring adoption barriers
Kouhizadeh, M., Saberi, S., & Sarkis, J. (2020) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107831 · Cited by 1,699
Wang, Y., Han, J. H., & Beynon‐Davies, P. (2018) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-03-2018-0148 · Cited by 1,388
MeDShare: Trust-Less Medical Data Sharing Among Cloud Service Providers via Blockchain
Xia, Q., Sifah, E. B., Asamoah, K. O., Gao, J., Du, X., & Guizani, M. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2730843 · Cited by 1,148
A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities
Monrat, A. A., Schelen, O., & Andersson, K. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936094 · Cited by 1,077
Blockchain technology: implications for operations and supply chain management
Cole, R., Stevenson, M., & Aitken, J. (2019) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-09-2018-0309 · Cited by 1,044
Understanding the Blockchain technology adoption in supply chains-Indian context
Kamble, S., Gunasekaran, A., & Arha, H. (2018) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2018.1518610 · Cited by 1,040
Toward Blockchain-Based Accounting and Assurance
Dai, J., & Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.2308/isys-51804 · Cited by 881
Applications of Blockchains in the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
Ali, M. S., Vecchio, M., Pincheira, M., Dolui, K., Antonelli, F., & Rehmani, M. H. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2886932 · Cited by 855
Blockchain technology for bridging trust, traceability and transparency in circular supply chain
Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., del Vecchio, P., Oropallo, E., & Secundo, G. (2021) · Information Manager (The) · doi:10.1016/j.im.2021.103508 · Cited by 729
Making sense of blockchain technology: How will it transform supply chains?
Wang, Y., Singgih, M., Wang, J., & Rit, M. (2019) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.02.002 · Cited by 892
A survey on privacy protection in blockchain system
Feng, Q., He, D., Zeadally, S., Khan, M. K., & Kumar, N. (2019) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2018.10.020 · Cited by 804
Wong, L.-W., Leong, L.-Y., Hew, J.-J., Tan, G., & Ooi, K. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.005 · Cited by 697
Blockchain and supply chain relations: A transaction cost theory perspective
Schmidt, C. G., & Wagner, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management · doi:10.1016/j.pursup.2019.100552 · Cited by 599
A supply chain transparency and sustainability technology appraisal model for blockchain technology
Bai, C., & Sarkis, J. (2019) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2019.1708989 · Cited by 598
Chang, S., Chen, Y.-C., & Lu, M. (2019) · Technological forecasting & social change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.03.015 · Cited by 544
Security and privacy in smart farming: challenges and opportunities
Gupta, M., Abdelsalam, M., Khorsandroo, S., & Mittal, S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2975142 · Cited by 609
Blockchains and the economic institutions of capitalism
DAVIDSON, S., DE FILIPPI, P., & POTTS, J. (2018) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137417000200 · Cited by 582
A Survey on Blockchain for Information Systems Management and Security
Berdik, D., Otoum, S., Schmidt, N., Porter, D., & Jararweh, Y. (2020) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102397 · Cited by 605
Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Future Research
Khezr, S., Moniruzzaman, M., Yassine, A., & Benlamri, R. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9091736 · Cited by 575
Survey on blockchain for Internet of Things
Wang, X., Zha, X., Ni, W., Liu, R. P., Guo, Y. J., Niu, X., & Zheng, K. (2019) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2019.01.006 · Cited by 567
Why Do Businesses Go Crypto? An Empirical Analysis of Initial Coin Offerings
Adhami, S., Giudici, G., & Martinazzi, S. (2017) · Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.04.001 · Cited by 556
Leveraging the Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management
Rejeb, A., Keogh, J. G., & Treiblmaier, H. (2019) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi11070161 · Cited by 538
The blockchain: State-of-the-art and research challenges
Lu, Y. (2019) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2019.04.002 · Cited by 574
Hassan, M. U., Rehmani, M. H., & Chen, J. (2019) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.02.060 · Cited by 520
Blockchain and the circular economy: potential tensions and critical reflections from practice
Kouhizadeh, M., Zhu, Q., & Sarkis, J. (2019) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2019.1695925 · Cited by 538
Security services using blockchains: a state of the art survey
Salman, T., Zolanvari, M., Erbad, A., Jain, R., & Samaka, M. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2863956 · Cited by 502
Truby, J. (2018) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 · Cited by 499
Wang, Z., Wang, T., Hu, H., Gong, J., Ren, X., & Xiao, Q. (2019) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2019.103063 · Cited by 481
Blockchains in operations and supply chains: A model and reference implementation
Helo, P., & Hao, Y. (2019) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.023 · Cited by 487
A Novel Medical Blockchain Model for Drug Supply Chain Integrity Management in a Smart Hospital
Jamil, F., Hang, L., Kim, K., & Kim, D. (2019) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics8050505 · Cited by 469
Clohessy, T., & Acton, T. (2019) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-08-2018-0365 · Cited by 436
Chang, S., & Chen, Y. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2983601 · Cited by 337
Liang, G., Weller, S. R., Luo, F., Zhao, J., & Dong, Z. Y. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2819663 · Cited by 429
Mandolla, C., Petruzzelli, A. M., Percoco, G., & Urbinati, A. (2019) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2019.04.011 · Cited by 436
Kumar, A., Liu, R., & Shan, Z. (2019) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/deci.12396 · Cited by 436
A Blockchain-Based Approach for Drug Traceability in Healthcare Supply Chain
Musamih, A., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., Arshad, J., Debe, M. S., Al-Hammadi, Y., & Ellahham, S. H. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3049920 · Cited by 428
The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Blockchain Technology
Golosova, J., & Romānovs, A. (2018) · IEEE Workshop on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (AIEEE) · doi:10.1109/aieee.2018.8592253 · Cited by 391
Kayıkçı, Y., Subramanian, N., Dora, M. K., & Bhatia, M. S. (2020) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2020.1810757 · Cited by 394
Embedding Blockchain Technology Into IoT for Security: A Survey
Xu, L. D., Lu, Y., & Li, L. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3060508 · Cited by 425
Leong, K. (2018) · International Journal of Innovation Management and Technology · doi:10.18178/ijimt.2018.9.2.791 · Cited by 360
Blockchain mechanisms for IoT security
Minoli, D., & Occhiogrosso, B. (2018) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2018.05.002 · Cited by 366
Blockchain Security Attacks, Challenges, and Solutions for the Future Distributed IoT Network
Singh, S., Hosen, A. S. M. S., & Yoon, B. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3051602 · Cited by 373
Potential of blockchain technology in supply chain management: a literature review
Gurtu, A., & Johny, J. (2019) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-11-2018-0371 · Cited by 380
An intelligent Edge-IoT platform for monitoring livestock and crops in a dairy farming scenario
Alonso, R. S., Sittón-Candanedo, I., García, Ó., Prieto, J., & Rodrı́guez, S. (2019) · Ad Hoc Networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2019.102047 · Cited by 374
An Energy-Efficient SDN Controller Architecture for IoT Networks With Blockchain-Based Security
Yazdinejad, A., Parizi, R. M., Dehghantanha, A., Zhang, Q., & Choo, K. R. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Services Computing · doi:10.1109/tsc.2020.2966970 · Cited by 346
Exploring the Attack Surface of Blockchain: A Comprehensive Survey
Saad, M., Spaulding, J., Njilla, L., Kamhoua, C., Shetty, S. S., Nyang, D., & Mohaisen, A. (2020) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2020.2975999 · Cited by 467
Economics of BlockchainPreprint
Davidson, S., Filippi, P. D., & Potts, J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2744751 · Cited by 357
Blockchain platform for industrial healthcare: Vision and future opportunities
Farouk, A., Alahmadi, A., Ghose, S., & Mashatan, A. (2020) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2020.02.058 · Cited by 345
Blockchain: The Evolutionary Next Step for ICT E-Agriculture
Lin, Y.-P., Petway, J. R., Anthony, J., Mukhtar, H., Liao, S.-W., Chou, C.-F., & Ho, Y. (2017) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments4030050 · Cited by 279
Analysis of barriers to implement blockchain in industry and service sectors
Biswas, B. N., & Gupta, R. (2019) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.005 · Cited by 341
Blockchain Based Access Control
Maesa, D. D. F., Mori, P., & Ricci, L. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59665-5_15 · Cited by 320
IoT-Enabled Smart Energy Grid: Applications and Challenges
Abir, S. M. A. A., Anwar, A., Choi, J., & Kayes, A. S. M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3067331 · Cited by 319
A Comparative Study: Blockchain Technology Utilization Benefits, Challenges and Functionalities
Ali, O., Jaradat, A., Kulakli, A., & Abuhalimeh, A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3050241 · Cited by 337
A decentralized token economy: How blockchain and cryptocurrency can revolutionize business
Lee, J. Y. (2019) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2019.08.003 · Cited by 291
Demystifying blockchain: A critical analysis of challenges, applications and opportunities
Upadhyay, N. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102120 · Cited by 317
A Comprehensive Survey of Blockchain: From Theory to IoT Applications and Beyond
Wu, M., Wang, K., Cai, X., Guo, S., Guo, M., & Rong, C. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2922538 · Cited by 289
Real-time supply chain - A blockchain architecture for project deliveries
Helo, P., & Shamsuzzoha, A. (2020) · Robotics Comput. Integr. Manuf. · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101909 · Cited by 250
Kuzlu, M., Pipattanasomporn, M., Gurses, L., & Rahman, S. (2019) · 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain) · doi:10.1109/blockchain.2019.00003 · Cited by 279
A Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Architecture and its Applications: Problems and Recommendations
Syed, T. A., Alzahrani, A., Jan, S., Siddiqui, M. S., Nadeem, A., & Alghamdi, T. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957660 · Cited by 286
Liu, M., Wu, K., & Xu, J. (2019) · Current Issues in Auditing · doi:10.2308/ciia-52540 · Cited by 293
Lu, H., Huang, K., Azimi, M., & Guo, L. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2907695 · Cited by 265
A critical analysis of the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence for supply chain
Charles, V., Emrouznejad, A., & Gherman, T. (2023) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-023-05169-w · Cited by 294
Sheel, A., & Nath, V. (2019) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-12-2018-0490 · Cited by 285
Trustworthy Electronic Voting Using Adjusted Blockchain Technology
Shahzad, B., & Crowcroft, J. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2895670 · Cited by 270
Blockchain data-based cloud data integrity protection mechanism
Wei, P., Wang, D., Zhao, Y., Tyagi, S. K. S., & Kumar, N. (2020) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.09.028 · Cited by 254
Challenges of blockchain technology adoption for e-government: a systematic literature review
Batubara, F. R., Ubacht, J., & Janssen, M. (2018) · Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: Governance in the Data Age · doi:10.1145/3209281.3209317 · Cited by 247
Cryptocurrencies: market analysis and perspectives
Giudici, G., Milne, A. K. L., & Vinogradov, D. V. (2019) · Journal of Industrial and Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s40812-019-00138-6 · Cited by 287
Blockchain for healthcare systems: Architecture, security challenges, trends and future directions
Andrew, J., Isravel, D. P., Sagayam, K. M., Bhushan, B., Sei, Y., & Jennifer Eunice, R. (2023) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2023.103633 · Cited by 273
How Research in Production and Operations Management May Evolve in the Era of Big Data
Feng, Q., & Shanthikumar, J. G. (2017) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/poms.12836 · Cited by 241
The impact of blockchain technology on business models – a taxonomy and archetypal patterns
Weking, J., Mandalenakis, M., Hein, A., Hermes, S., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2019) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-019-00386-3 · Cited by 192
Blockchain and the related issues: a review of current research topics
Lu, Y. (2018) · Journal of Management Analytics · doi:10.1080/23270012.2018.1516523 · Cited by 270
A Distributed Ledger for Supply Chain Physical Distribution Visibility
Wu, H., Li, Z., King, B., Ben Miled, Z., Wassick, J., & Tazelaar, J. (2017) · Information · doi:10.3390/info8040137 · Cited by 232
Analysis and outlook of applications of blockchain technology to equity crowdfunding in China
Zhu, H., & Zhou, Z. Z. (2016) · Financial Innovation · doi:10.1186/s40854-016-0044-7 · Cited by 234
Blockchain for government services — Use cases, security benefits and challenges
Alketbi, A., Nasir, Q., & Talib, M. W. A. (2018) · Learning and Technology Conference (L&T) · doi:10.1109/lt.2018.8368494 · Cited by 238
Valeonti, F., Bikakis, A., Terras, M., Speed, C., Hudson‐Smith, A., & Chalkias, K. K. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11219931 · Cited by 232
Blockchain technology for social impact: opportunities and challenges ahead
Al-Saqaf, W., & Seidler, N. (2017) · Journal of Cyber Policy · doi:10.1080/23738871.2017.1400084 · Cited by 235
Luong, N. C., Xiong, Z., Wang, P., & Niyato, D. (2018) · 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) · doi:10.1109/icc.2018.8422743 · Cited by 229
A Blockchain-Based Approach Towards Overcoming Financial Fraud in Public Sector Services
Hyvärinen, H., Risius, M., & Friis, G. (2017) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-017-0502-4 · Cited by 247
Blockchain and the future of energy
Brilliantova, V., & THURNER, T. W. (2018) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.11.001 · Cited by 237
A review of edge computing reference architectures and a new global edge proposal
Sittón-Candanedo, I., Alonso, R. S., Corchado, J. M., Rodrı́guez, S., & Vara, R. C. (2019) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.04.016 · Cited by 225
Are blockchains immune to all malicious attacks?
Xu, J. J. (2016) · Financial Innovation · doi:10.1186/s40854-016-0046-5 · Cited by 221
S2HS- A blockchain based approach for smart healthcare system
Tripathi, G., Ahad, M. A., & Paiva, S. (2019) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2019.100391 · Cited by 224
Consensus Algorithms in Blockchain: Comparative Analysis, Challenges and Opportunities
Chaudhry, N., & Yousaf, M. M. (2018) · International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies (ICOSST) · doi:10.1109/icosst.2018.8632190 · Cited by 218
Securing IoTs in distributed blockchain: Analysis, requirements and open issues
Moin, S., Karim, A., Safdar, Z., Safdar, K., Ahmed, E., & Imran, M. A. (2019) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.05.023 · Cited by 219
Khan, F. A., Asif, M., Ahmad, A., Alharbi, M., & Aljuaid, H. (2020) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102018 · Cited by 224
Applying Blockchain for Halal food traceability
Tan, A. W. K., Gligor, D. M., & Ngah, A. (2020) · International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications · doi:10.1080/13675567.2020.1825653 · Cited by 234
Blockchain based solutions to secure IoT: Background, integration trends and a way forward
Saxena, S., Bhushan, B., & Ahad, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103050 · Cited by 204
Public blockchain evaluation using entropy and TOPSIS
Tang, H., Shi, Y., & Dong, P. (2018) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2018.09.048 · Cited by 203
Kuo, T.-T., & Lucila Ohno-machado, A. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.01746 · Cited by 201
Blockchain for the Circular Economy: Analysis of the Research-Practice Gap
Böckel, A., Nuzum, A., & Weissbrod, I. (2020) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.006 · Cited by 209
A bibliometric analysis and visualization of blockchain
Guo, Y., Huang, Z.-L., Guo, J., Guo, X., Li, H., Liu, M.-Y., Ezzeddine, S., & Nkeli, M. J. (2020) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2020.10.023 · Cited by 211
Survey on Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts: Technical Aspects and Future Research
Hewa, T. M., Hu, Y., Liyanage, M., Kanhare, S. S., & Ylianttila, M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068178 · Cited by 204
Business Innovation Through Blockchain
(2017) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48478-5 · Cited by 190
Blockchain for Cities—A Systematic Literature Review
Shen, C., & Pena-Mora, F. A. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2880744 · Cited by 200
Blockchain technology and application: an overview
Dong, S., Abbas, K., Li, M., & Kamruzzaman, J. (2023) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1705 · Cited by 222
Impacts of digitization on auditing: A Delphi study for Germany
Tiberius, V., & Hirth, S. (2019) · Journal of International Accounting Auditing and Taxation · doi:10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2019.100288 · Cited by 241
Metadata
- Authors
- Pilkington, M.
- Affiliations
- Laboratoire d'économie de Dijon (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Pilkington, Marc
- ORCID
- Pilkington, Marc
- Venue
- Research Handbook on Digital Transformations
- Publisher
- Edward Elgar Publishing
- Published
- 2016-09-30
- OpenAlex
- W2290426788
- Cited by
- 1,627
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 178 · 2023: 180 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 219 · 2020: 247 · 2019: 221 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 14
- FWCI
- 488.92
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Social Sciences › Law › Digital Transformation in Law
- Keywords
- blockchain, distributed ledger technology, public blockchain, blockchain applications, disruptive technologies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review