The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 18 of the 51 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
Open accessAbstract
Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies. Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1–5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I 2 =45.1%, P=0.004). A moderate association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13–2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70–1.34) or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70–1.29). Differences by other characteristics were small. Conclusions This observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published and unpublished individual-participant data from 28 prospective cohort studies (189,729 participants, 35 countries) to quantify the association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms. It found an overall modest increased risk (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.25), with a stronger association in Asia (OR 1.50) and a small association in Europe (OR 1.11), but no association in North America or Australia.
Key findings
- Overall multivariable-adjusted OR for long working hours and new-onset depressive symptoms was 1.14 (95% CI 1.03–1.25), with significant heterogeneity (I²=45.1%, P=0.004).
- By region: Asia OR 1.50 (95% CI 1.13–2.01); Europe OR 1.11 (95% CI 1.00–1.22); North America OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.70–1.34); Australia OR 0.95 (95% CI 0.70–1.29). Asia differed significantly from other regions (P=0.034 heterogeneity test; P=0.041 meta-regression).
- Published studies showed OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.07–1.71) versus unpublished data OR 1.08 (95% CI 1.00–1.16); occupational cohorts showed OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.10–1.62) versus population-based studies OR 1.07 (95% CI 0.96–1.20).
- Other subgroup differences were small; no significant differences were found by sex, age group, socioeconomic status, study baseline year, study quality, follow-up length, response rate, loss to follow-up, outcome type, or population prevalence/onset of symptoms.
Methods
- Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis following PRISMA; searched PubMed and Embase to January 2017, plus reference lists and cited-reference searches, identifying 10 published prospective cohort studies and including unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies (28 total).
- Included 189,729 participants (96,275 men, 93,454 women) from 35 countries, follow-up 1–5 years, with 21,747 new-onset cases; long working hours was most often defined as ≥55 hours/week versus 35–40 hours/week as reference.
- In individual-participant data studies, ORs were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and marital status; published studies used the closest available adjustment. Analyses used random-effects meta-analysis, I², meta-regression, and Egger’s test.
Limitations
- Paper-stated: exposure was self-reported and measured only once, risking recall bias and misclassification; exposure definitions varied across published studies; outcome assessment varied (psychological distress, depressive symptoms, or clinical depression), though associations were similar across outcome types; only three studies used structured DSM-III/DSM-IV interviews.
- Paper-stated: observational design cannot establish causality; unmeasured confounding (e.g., work-related factors, alcohol use) cannot be ruled out; most studies were from high-income countries, so findings are not generalizable to low- or middle-income countries.
- Evident from the text: subgroup differences by publication status and cohort type were based on limited numbers, including only one Asian study in the unpublished group and one in the population-based group, so those subgroup findings may be unstable; mediation by effort–reward or effort–recovery imbalance was not tested.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Own result · 12 Sources not found · 11 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 4 Supported · 3 Partly supported · 3 No full text of the sources · 2 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, although several reviews of this field exist (5, 9-24), the few systematic quantifications of the evidence have been based on published cross-sectional (18, 19, 25) or published longitudinal studies ( 26).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [5] 5. Theorell T, Hammarström A, Aronsson G, Träskman Bendz L, Grape T, Hogstedt C et al. A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and depressive symptoms. BMC Public Health 2015 Aug;15(1):738. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1954-4 source
The Methods section describes this paper as a systematic review of published prospective studies and says it conducted meta-analyses where applicable. The cited paper therefore supports the longitudinal-studies part of the sentence; the cross-sectional-studies part is attached to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [9] 9. Bannai A, Tamakoshi A. The association between long working hours and health: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health 2014 Jan;40(1):5-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3388 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Search procedure and Results sections show that this paper systematically reviewed published studies of long working hours and health. The Figure 1 passage says its 19 included studies comprised 7 cross-sectional and 12 prospective cohort studies, so it does not support characterizing this review as based only on cross-sectional studies. The cited passages describe a systematic review, but do not establish that it quantitatively pooled the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Papadopoulos G, Georgiadou P, Papazoglou C, Michaliou K. Occupational and public health and safety in a changing work environment: an integrated approach for risk assessment and prevention. Saf Sci 2010 Oct;48(8):943-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2009.11.002 source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. Caruso CC. Possible broad impacts of long work hours. Ind Health 2006 Oct;44(4):531-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/ indhealth.44.531
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Caruso CC, Bushnell T, Eggerth D, Heitmann A, Kojola B, Newman K et al. Long working hours, safety, and health: toward a National Research Agenda. Am J Ind Med 2006 Nov;49(11):930-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20373 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Caruso CC, Hitchcock EM, Dick RB, Russo JM, Schmit JM. Overtime and Extended Work Shifts: Recent Findings on Illnesses, Injuries, and Health Behaviors. Cincinnati: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2004. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. Johnson JV, Lipscomb J. Long working hours, occupational health and the changing nature of work organization. Am J Ind Med 2006 Nov;49(11):921-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ ajim.20383 source
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Fujino Y, Horie S, Hoshuyama T, Tsutsui T, Tanaka Y. [A systematic review of working hours and mental health burden]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2006 Jul;48(4):87-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.48.87 source
The source is itself a systematic review of published studies on working hours and mental health, so it supports the citing sentence’s identification of reviews in this field. Its Research Design section also describes the reviewed studies as longitudinal and cross-sectional; the citation does not establish the broader claim about how few systematic quantifications exist. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [16] 16. Spurgeon A, Harrington JM, Cooper CL. Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position. Occup Environ Med 1997 Jun;54(6):367-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.54.6.367 source
This source is cited within the group attached to the statement that reviews of the field exist, not the separate citations attached to systematic quantifications. Its Conclusions and future needs section explicitly describes the paper as a review of evidence on long working hours and health; the introduction also discusses earlier reviews. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Partly supportedcites [17] 17. van der Hulst M. Long workhours and health. Scand J Work Environ Health 2003 Jun;29(3):171-88. http://dx.doi. org/10.5271/sjweh.720 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Reviews section identifies this paper as a systematic narrative review, supporting its use as an example of an existing review. The Gaps section says it did not take effect sizes into account, so it does not support treating this paper as a systematic quantification of evidence based on published cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These issues have not been addressed in previous reviews on long working hours and mental health.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [5] 5. Theorell T, Hammarström A, Aronsson G, Träskman Bendz L, Grape T, Hogstedt C et al. A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and depressive symptoms. BMC Public Health 2015 Aug;15(1):738. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1954-4 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page unavailable) says previous reviews had not sufficiently addressed gender differences in the relationship between working conditions and depressive symptoms. That supports a narrower gap concerning one employee grouping, but the paper does not make the claimed point about country differences or specifically about long working hours and mental health. Its Results (page unavailable) also report comparisons across occupational groups in this review. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Supportedcites [9] 9. Bannai A, Tamakoshi A. The association between long working hours and health: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health 2014 Jan;40(1):5-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3388 source
The Abstract says this review focused on differences in the definition of long working hours and the influence of shift work. The Results and Discussion describe individual studies and their associations with health, but do not assess whether the mental-health association differs systematically between countries or employee groups. It therefore supports the claim as an example of a previous review that did not address those questions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Papadopoulos G, Georgiadou P, Papazoglou C, Michaliou K. Occupational and public health and safety in a changing work environment: an integrated approach for risk assessment and prevention. Saf Sci 2010 Oct;48(8):943-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2009.11.002 source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. Caruso CC. Possible broad impacts of long work hours. Ind Health 2006 Oct;44(4):531-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/ indhealth.44.531
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Caruso CC, Bushnell T, Eggerth D, Heitmann A, Kojola B, Newman K et al. Long working hours, safety, and health: toward a National Research Agenda. Am J Ind Med 2006 Nov;49(11):930-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20373 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Caruso CC, Hitchcock EM, Dick RB, Russo JM, Schmit JM. Overtime and Extended Work Shifts: Recent Findings on Illnesses, Injuries, and Health Behaviors. Cincinnati: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2004. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. Johnson JV, Lipscomb J. Long working hours, occupational health and the changing nature of work organization. Am J Ind Med 2006 Nov;49(11):921-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ ajim.20383 source
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Fujino Y, Horie S, Hoshuyama T, Tsutsui T, Tanaka Y. [A systematic review of working hours and mental health burden]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2006 Jul;48(4):87-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.48.87 source
The review summarizes studies from several countries and worker groups, but does not systematically compare the associations across those groups. Its conclusion (p. 94) calls for research in diverse worker populations, consistent with the citing sentence’s narrower point that such systematic differences had not been addressed. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [16] 16. Spurgeon A, Harrington JM, Cooper CL. Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position. Occup Environ Med 1997 Jun;54(6):367-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.54.6.367 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the review’s mental-health discussion (section labeled “4`6”; page not supplied), the authors explicitly report that overtime was a much greater source of stress for managerial and professional groups than for clerical groups. That undercuts the claim that employee-group differences were not addressed. The passages discuss studies from several countries but do not assess systematic differences between countries. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [17] 17. van der Hulst M. Long workhours and health. Scand J Work Environ Health 2003 Jun;29(3):171-88. http://dx.doi. org/10.5271/sjweh.720 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Gaps in the current literature and recommendations for future research” (page not provided), van der Hulst says that studies in the review rarely examined factors that might change the relationship between long workhours and health. This supports the general point that differences across groups were underexamined, but the passage does not specifically say that previous reviews failed to address differences between countries or employee groups in the association with mental health. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and long working hours has been found to be only modestly associated with risky alcohol use (30).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] 30. Virtanen M, Jokela M, Nyberg ST, Madsen IE, Lallukka T, Ahola K et al. Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. BMJ 2015 Jan;350:g7772. source
The Results section reports a modest association: the adjusted pooled odds ratio for new-onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 for people working long hours versus standard hours. The Discussion likewise describes the association as 1.12-fold. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Given the potential publication bias in studies based on published data (27)”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [27] 27. Kivimäki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, Fransson EI, Heikkilä K, Alfredsson L et al.; IPD-Work Consortium. Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet 2012 Oct;380(9852):1491-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(12)60994-5 source
The Introduction identifies publication bias as a limitation of studies in the scientific literature. The Discussion says that a previous meta-analysis used only published data and that its estimate differed from the estimate based on unpublished data, indicating publication bias. This supports the cited statement about potential bias in studies based on published data. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas it was 1.07 (95% CI 0.74-1.55) in other published studies”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22)”
- Also stated in: § Long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms · plain
“1.11 (95% CI 1.004-1.22) for Europe”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“a small association in the studies from Europe”
plaincorrelationaln = 747 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(P for difference=0.053).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34)”
- Also stated in: § Long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms · plain
“0.97 (95% CI 0.70-1.34) for North America”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“populationbased versus occupational cohort (P-values 0.048 and 0.092).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70-1.29)”
- Also stated in: § Long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms · plain
“0.95 (95% CI 0.70-1.29) for the one study representing Australia”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Following the PRISMA guidelines (28), we carried out systematic searches of the PubMed and Embase databases”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [28] 28. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009 Jul;6(7):e1000097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1000097 source
The citation identifies the PRISMA guidelines the citing authors say they followed; it does not ask the source to verify their compliance. In 'The PRISMA Statement' (page not provided), the paper presents the 27-item checklist and four-phase flow diagram for reporting systematic reviews. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“With previous evidence suggesting that working ≥55 hours per week may be harmful for health (29, 30)”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] 29. Kivimaki M, Jokela M, Nyberg ST, Singh-Manoux A, Fransson EI, Alfredsson L et al. Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals. Lancet 2015 Oct;386(10005):173946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60295-1 source
The Discussion reports that people working 55 hours or more per week had a higher risk of incident stroke than those working standard hours, and that long hours were also associated with coronary heart disease. This supports the citing sentence’s hedged statement that such hours may be harmful to health; page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [30] 30. Virtanen M, Jokela M, Nyberg ST, Madsen IE, Lallukka T, Ahola K et al. Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. BMJ 2015 Jan;350:g7772. source
The Methods (Individual participant data; page not provided) explicitly describes previous evidence suggesting that working ≥55 hours a week is harmful for health. The Results (Prospective association; page not provided) also report higher odds of new-onset risky alcohol use among those working at least 55 hours, supporting the cautious wording of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is growing evidence to suggest a link between work characteristics and the onset of depression, with perceived psychosocial work stress being the most often investigated work exposure (2-7).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] 2. Stansfeld S, Candy B. Psychosocial work environment and mental health--a meta-analytic review. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006 Dec;32(6):443-62. http://dx.doi. org/10.5271/sjweh.1050 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results (pages not provided) describe a review of psychosocial work characteristics and subsequent common mental disorders, including depression; 10 of the 11 studies in its meta-analysis used a modified Job Content Questionnaire to measure work exposure. This supports the emphasis on perceived psychosocial work conditions, but the review does not establish that perceived psychosocial work stress was the most often investigated exposure specifically for the onset of depression: most included studies measured broader or symptomatic mental-health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Bonde JP. Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 2008 Jul;65(7):438-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.038430 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Netterstrøm B, Conrad N, Bech P, Fink P, Olsen O, Rugulies R et al. The relation between work-related psychosocial factors and the development of depression. Epidemiol Rev 2008;30:118-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxn004 source
- Supportedcites [5] 5. Theorell T, Hammarström A, Aronsson G, Träskman Bendz L, Grape T, Hogstedt C et al. A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and depressive symptoms. BMC Public Health 2015 Aug;15(1):738. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1954-4 source
The Background reports that adverse psychosocial workplace factors are associated with subsequent depressive symptoms and says studied work-environment factors have mostly been psychosocial. The Results identify decision latitude and job strain as the most extensively studied factors. The paper describes associations rather than establishing causation, consistent with the claim’s hedged wording. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Siegrist J. Chronic psychosocial stress at work and risk of depression: evidence from prospective studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008 Nov;258 Suppl 5:115-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-008-5024-0 source
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Madsen IE, Nyberg ST, Magnusson Hanson LL, Ferrie JE, - Ahola K, Alfredsson L et al.; IPD-Work Consortium. Job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression: systematic review and meta-analysis with additional individual participant data. Psychol Med 2017 Jun;47(8):1342-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329171600355X source
The Introduction says an increasing number of prospective studies suggest psychosocial work factors may contribute to depression, and that the majority examined job strain, a work stressor. The Discussion’s Strengths and limitations section says all included studies measured job strain by self-report, supporting the claim’s reference to perceived stress. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-regression P-values for other estimates (not shown in the figure) were as follows: study baseline year P=0.458; study quality P=0.440; length of follow-up P=0.958; response rate P=0.805; loss to follow-up P=0.720; outcome type P=0.415; population prevalence of symptoms at baseline P=0.880; population onset of symptoms P=0.308.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total, the number of participants in published studies and individual participant data was 189 729 (96 275 men, 93 454 women) from 35 countries. The number of cases with new-onset depressive symptoms was 21 747 (the average onset 11.5%).”
plainn = 21,747- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three studies lost score points due to lack of confounder adjustments and inadequate exposure.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scores ranged between 7-11 out of the best possible 14 points; the best (11 points) in the present analysis being assigned to the studies by Shields (56) and Niedhammer et al (60). Of the 28 studies, all but three (54, 55, 58) were considered being of high /acceptable quality, that is, having no components with serious threat of bias.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these studies suggested an association between working hours and mental health.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Egger test of publication bias did not show evidence for publication bias neither among the ten published estimates nor among the subgroup of Asian-origin studies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences by other characteristics were small.”
plainn = 747- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“with the European Union Directive recommending a limit of 48 hours per week (82)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the ideal scenario, working long hours is voluntary and leads to increased rewards; the unfavorable scenario involves involuntary long working hours combined with low rewards (84).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts of the articles and, for selected publications, carried out fulltext review against inclusion criteria.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, in Japan, sense of community is a fundamental feature of the society, and an important endeavor in individuals is to be in harmony with the community including working community - rather than achieving one's individualistic goals (87).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, all previous meta-analyses were exclusively based on published data and their ability to examine subgroup differences was limited.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Of the three previous meta-analyses of the association between long working hours and mental health, two were published in 1997 (18) and 2008 (19), and were mainly based on cross-sectional data. They reported a weak linear correlation between hours worked and”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. Sparks K, Cooper C, Fried Y, Shirom A. The effects of hours of work on health: a meta-analytic review. J Occup Organ Psychol 1997;70(4):391-408. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00656.x source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] 19. Ng TW, Feldman TC. Long work hours: a social identity perspective on meta-analysis data. J Organ Behav 2008;29(7):853-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.536 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another theoretical framework, the effort-recovery model (85) posits that long working hours may reduce the time for recovery to an extent that increases the risk of fatigue and associated mental health symptoms.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A more recent meta-analysis identified seven published prospective studies and a summary estimate which indicated an increased (RR=1.08) but statistically nonsignificant risk of clinical depressive disorder associated with long working hours (26).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] 26. Watanabe K, Imamura K, Kawakami N. Working hours and the onset of depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2016 Dec;73(12):87784. doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-103845 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the effort-reward imbalance model (83), health risks of long working hours are smaller if efforts at work (long hours) are rewarded by economic rewards, promotion, esteem, and high job security.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“recall bias may artificially inflate the observed associations only if the error in the number of hours worked is systematically correlating with mental health status”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, sub-clinical depression has been shown to be a more important indicator of health than previously thought (91)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two authors assessed study quality using Cochrane's 'Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies' in the following domains”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all studies, the baseline cases were excluded in order to allow assessment of onset of depressive symptoms to be examined.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, previous studies show that long working hours are associated with high job demands and high control (”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“making low job control and job strain unlikely confounders.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We tested for publication bias in published studies by using the funnel plot of the estimates against their standard errors and Egger's test for small-study effects (32).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997 Sep;315(7109):629-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmj.315.7109.629 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also variation in how depressive symptoms were assessed.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With large prospective data including cohort studies with both published and unpublished data, this review is the first large-scale study of the association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each study has existing approval from their relevant local or national ethics committee, and all participants had given informed consent.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In cohort studies with individual participant data, the OR were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and marital status. For published studies, we used models that were closest to that set of adjustments.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a stronger association in Asia than in other countries was found both in all studies and within published studies.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, bias due to unmeasured confounding cannot be ruled out in observational studies, which can of course only provide insights into association, not causality.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exposure to working hours was based on self-reports in all studies and measured only once.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Long working hours are more common in Asia and North America than in Europe.
“Furthermore, long working hours are more common in Asia and North America than in Europe”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risk of mental health problems is higher among women and individuals with low socioeconomic position than among men and those with high socioeconomic status.
“and the risk of mental health problems is higher among women and individuals with low socioeconomic position than men and those with high socioeconomic status.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“CBPR engages the public and community providers- among other stakeholders- who both influence and are affected by the research topic (35).”
From Research Publication Challenges Faced by Dentists in India: A Narrative Review of Multilevel Barriers (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Assessment of long working hours
“This categorization was used in all unpublished datasets and via personal communication for a published study by Wang et al (61).”
§ Assessment of long working hours
“In the Helsinki Health Study (HHS) ( 74), study members had responded to an enquiry about time worked using a pre-defined categorization (<30, 30-40, 41-50 and >50 hours per week) which, for the purposes of the present analyses, we used 30-40 hours per week (reference group) with >50 working hours as the highest group.”
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · cited 1×
“Following the PRISMA guidelines (28), we carried out systematic searches of the PubMed and Embase databases, taking into account publications up to January 2017, using the following search terms without restrictions: (“work hours”, “working hours”, “overtime”) and (“mental health”, “mental…”
MethodBias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · cited 1×
“We tested for publication bias in published studies by using the funnel plot of the estimates against their standard errors and Egger’s test for small-study effects (32).”
MethodTwo new Later Stone Age sites from the Final Pleistocene in the Falémé Valley, eastern Senegal
Ndiaye, M., Lespez, L., Tribolo, C., Rassé, M., Hadjas, I., Davidoux, S., Huysecom, É., & Douze, K. (2024) · Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000667478 · Cited by 24,214
Home visits: a strategy to improve newborn survival - Authors' reply
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Sensitivity analysis in observational research: Introducing the E-value
VanderWeele, T. J., & Ding, P. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2607 · Cited by 6,350 · cited 1×
“In combination, unmeasured confounders should be associated both with long working hours and depressive symptoms with an odds ratio of 1.54 (95% CI 1.21–1.81) to entirely explain the present findings (95).”
BackgroundInfluentialAdverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions.
Siegrist, J. (1996) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.1.1.27 · Cited by 5,713 · cited 1×
“According to the effort–reward imbalance model (83), health risks of long working hours are smaller if efforts at work (long hours) are rewarded by economic rewards, promotion, esteem, and high job security.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychosocial work environment and mental health—a meta-analytic review
Stansfeld, S., & Candy, B. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1050 · Cited by 1,875 · cited 1×
“There is growing evidence to suggest a link between work characteristics and the onset of depression, with perceived psychosocial work stress being the most often investigated work exposure (2–7).”
BackgroundCohort profile: The English longitudinal study of ageing
Steptoe, A., Breeze, E., Banks, J., & Nazroo, J. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys168 · Cited by 1,779
Meta-analysis of individual participant data: rationale, conduct, and reporting
Riley, R. D., Lambert, P. C., & Abo-Zaid, G. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c221 · Cited by 1,701 · cited 1×
“We used a two-stage meta-analysis (31) in which studyspecific estimates were obtained from published studies and studies with individual participant data at the first stage.”
MethodWhiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116820 · Cited by 1,175 · cited 4×
“Given that the burden of mental disorders peaks at working age (1), workingage populatio ns are an important target for prevention.”
BackgroundInfluential
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature
Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121633 · Cited by 482
Niedhammer, I., Bertrais, S., & Witt, K. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3968 · Cited by 458
“Figure 7 presents the results for depression-related outcomes from nine reviews (36, 51, 61–63, 69, 78, 79, 81) examining depressive symptoms (36, 61, 63, 69, 78, 81), or more rarely, clinical/major depression (51, 62, 79) or hospital-treated clinical depression (51).”
BackgroundRivera, A. S., Akanbi, M. O., O’Dwyer, L., & McHugh, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231037 · Cited by 254
“…Night shift not specified cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort Pubmed, Embase PubMed (1970 to August 2016) and EMBASE (1987 to August 2016) 11 5 Virtanen 2018 [63] Depression most often defined as�55 weekly hours shorter hours (usu standard hours (most often 35–40 hours)) large prospective…”
BackgroundDisability, Work and Inclusion
OECD (2022) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/1eaa5e9c-en · Cited by 264
Mental health effects of long work hours, night and weekend work, and short rest periods
Sato, K. D., Kuroda, S., & Owan, H. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112774 · Cited by 159
A shorter working week for everyone: How much paid work is needed for mental health and well-being?
Kamerāde, D., Wang, S., Burchell, B. J., Balderson, S. U., & Coutts, A. P. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.06.006 · Cited by 136
Rugulies, R., Sørensen, K., Tecco, C. D., Bonafede, M., Rondinone, B. M., Ahn, S., Ando, E., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Cabello, M., Descatha, A., et al. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106629 · Cited by 144
Self-citationLong Working Hours and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Virtanen, M., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2018) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-018-1049-9 · Cited by 134
Self-citationTaouk, Y., Spittal, M. J., LaMontagne, A. D., & Milner, A. J. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3854 · Cited by 109
Ervasti, J. M., Pentti, J., Nyberg, S. T., Shipley, M. J., Leineweber, C., Sørensen, J. K., Alfredsson, L. S., Bjørner, J. B., Borritz, M., Burr, H., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100212 · Cited by 104
“Long working hours may also be linked with other health outcomes, such as coronary heart disease, depression and diabetes, but this evidence is inconsistent including positive results [5,8-10], null findings or positive findings in a subgroup only [2,11,12], and, in relation to depression, even indications of a protec…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationEmployment precariousness and mental health, understanding a complex reality: a systematic review
Utzet, M., Alzaga, E. V., Mosquera, I., & Unai Martín, R. (2020) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01553 · Cited by 96
Niedhammer, I., Sultan‐Taïeb, H., Parent-Thirion, A., & Chastang, J. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01737-4 · Cited by 70
“2012; Virtanen 2018).”
Long working hours and depressive symptoms: moderation by gender, income, and job status
Choi, E.-S., Choi, K. W., Jeong, H., Lee, M., Ko, Y., Ham, B., Ham, B.-J., Chang, J., & Han, K. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.001 · Cited by 71
Siegrist, J., & Wege, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00066 · Cited by 69
Self-citationRugulies, R., Ando, E., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Bonafede, M., Cabello, M., Tecco, C. D., Dragano, N., Durand-Moreau, Q. V., Eguchi, H., Gao, J., et al. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.011 · Cited by 64
Self-citationLarsen, A. D., Ropponen, A., Hansen, J., Hansen, Å. M., Kolstad, H. A., Koskinen, A., Härmä, M., & Garde, A. H. (2020) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103639 · Cited by 59
Kikuchi, H., Odagiri, Y., Ohya, Y., Nakanishi, Y., Shimomitsu, T., Theorell, T., & Inoue, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229506 · Cited by 66
“Especially, a recent systematic review shows that long working hours are related to higher risk of depression in Asian countries, compared to European countries [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationVoglino, G., Savatteri, A., Gualano, M. R., Catozzi, D., Rousset, S., Boietti, E., Bert, F., & Siliquini, R. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051131 · Cited by 57
Zadow, A. J., Dollard, M. F., Dormann, C., & Landsbergis, P. A. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044133 · Cited by 60
What matters more for employees’ mental health: job quality or job quantity?
Wang, S., Kamerāde, D., Burchell, B. J., Coutts, A. P., & Balderson, U. (2021) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/beab054 · Cited by 50
Hong, Y., Zhang, Y., Xue, P., Fang, X., Zhou, L., Wei, F., Lou, X., & Zou, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.928928 · Cited by 60
A mentally healthy framework to guide employers and policy makers
Deady, M., Sanatkar, S., Tan, L., Glozier, N., Gayed, A., Petrie, K., Dalgaard, V. L., Stratton, E., LaMontagne, A. D., & Harvey, S. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1430540 · Cited by 60
Niedhammer, I., Coindre, K., Memmi, S., Bertrais, S., & Chastang, J. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.003 · Cited by 47
“Indeed, literature reviews have suggested that other exposures may play a role in mental disorders such as effort-reward imbalance [10], workplace bullying [11], long working hours [12] or job insecurity [13].”
BackgroundOvertime work, job autonomy, and employees’ subjective well-being: Evidence from China
Yang, S., Chen, L., & Bi, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077177 · Cited by 50
The 2018-2021 working time reform in Korea: A preliminary assessment
Hijzen, A., & Thewissen, S. (2020) · OECD social employment and migration working papers · doi:10.1787/0e828066-en · Cited by 44
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Thanem, T., & Elraz, H. (2022) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12293 · Cited by 41
Arensman, E., O’Connor, C., Leduc, C., Griffin, E., Cully, G., Dhálaigh, D. N., Holland, C., Audenhove, C. V., Coppens, E., Tsantila, F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020947 · Cited by 38
The effects of long working hours on mental health among resident physicians in Saudi Arabia
Bondagji, D., Fakeerh, M., Alwafi, H., & Khan, A. A. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s370642 · Cited by 31
“The mental health of an individual can become severely compromised as a result of constant work pressures and related stressors.(22) Working long hours is one of the main work stressors that negatively impact mental health, particularly concerning anxiety and depression.”
BackgroundTomczyk, S., Altweck, L., & Schmidt, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11712-w · Cited by 30
Neubert, S., Bader, C., Hanbury, H., & Moser, S. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101849 · Cited by 30
Peristera, P., Westerlund, H., & Hanson, L. L. M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017525 · Cited by 29
“The trajectories named ‘very low stable’, ‘low stable’ and ‘stable high’ followed a slight downward linear trend over time but remained either at a no depression level (<7 on the depression scale) or between moderate to severe level (>11 and >15, respectively, on the depression scale).(25) The trajectory named ‘mild d…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKim, Y., Jang, S., & Cho, S. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17072-x · Cited by 32
“However, previous longitudinal studies confirmed the direction of the association between working hours (and social engagement) with depressive symptoms [84, 85].”
ResultRosenström, T., Härmä, M., Kivimäki, M., Ervasti, J., Virtanen, M., Hakola, T., Koskinen, A., & Ropponen, A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3957 · Cited by 25
“Scand J Work Environ Health 2021;47(5):395-403”
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Working hours – tracking the current and future trends
Anttila, T., Härmä, M., & Oinas, T. (2021) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2021-0086 · Cited by 26
Working hours and health – key research topics in the past and future
Härmä, M., Kecklund, G., & Tucker, P. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4157 · Cited by 26
“A meta-analysis identified a small but significant associa - tion between long working hours ( ≥ 55 hours per week) and depressive symptoms, although the effect was not significant when excluding cases of “psychological distress” (80).”
BackgroundWeston, G., Zilanawala, A., Webb, E. A., Carvalho, L. A., & McMunn, A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17762-0 · Cited by 30
OCHIAI, Y., Takahashi, M., Matsuo, T., Sasaki, T., Sato, Y., Fukasawa, K., Araki, T., & Otsuka, Y. (2023) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2022-108672 · Cited by 28
The impact of long working hours on the health of German employees
Müller, G., Tisch, A., & Wöhrmann, A. M. (2018) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/2397002218786020 · Cited by 29
“A tremendous number of studies have investigated the relationship between long working hours and health, providing evidence for a health risk due to working long hours (Bannai and Tamakoshi, 2014; Virtanen et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPreventing overwork-related deaths and disorders—needs of continuous and multi-faceted efforts
Tsutsumi, A. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12062 · Cited by 23
Longer working hours and musculoskeletal pain: a meta-analysis
Amiri, S. (2022) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2022.2036488 · Cited by 27
Mental health status of mental health nurses in China: Results from a national survey
Wang, P., Tang, Y., Chen, Y., He, Y., Li, L., Han, X., Liu, Y., Liu, T., Liu, H., Jiang, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12893 · Cited by 23
Baek, S., Won, J., & Yoon, J. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.555 · Cited by 23
Jorgenson, A. K., Fitzgerald, J. B., Thombs, R. P., Hill, T. D., Givens, J. E., Clark, B., Schor, J. B., Huang, X., Kelly, O. M., & Ore, P. D. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110117 · Cited by 21
Chireh, B., Essien, S. K., Novik, N., & Ankrah, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100508 · Cited by 33
Work and mental health: what do we know and how can we intervene?
Rugulies, R., & Aust, B. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3856 · Cited by 23
“Long working hours are also discussed, however, a recent review reported that associations between long working hours and depressive symptoms were relatively small and differed between world regions (8).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHanbury, H., Illien, P., Ming, E., et al. (2023) · Sustainability Science Practice and Policy · doi:10.1080/15487733.2023.2222595 · Cited by 21
“…of the given WTR. Conversely, other research that was not included in the systematic review at hand has shown that there is no relationship between the amount of part-time work and health, as long as unemployment or excessive workloads are avoided (Kamerāde et al. 2019; Virtanen et al. 2018).”
BackgroundWon, G., Park, J. B., Lee, K., Ha, R., Lee, S.-H., & Jeong, I. (2019) · Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e13 · Cited by 17
Physical activity (PA) influences the risk of depression associated with long working hours
Yan, T., Ding, X., Xie, T., Lan, T., Niu, D., Li, J., Guo, D., Wang, M., & Wang, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.043 · Cited by 22
Li, J., Leineweber, C., Nyberg, A., & Siegrist, J. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001696 · Cited by 22
“For instance, excessive high costs expended at work in terms of continuous high work pressure, long working hours, or overtime work were shown to increase the risk of developing a stress-related disorder, such as ischemic heart disease or depression.(6,7) In these instances, it is”
BackgroundSelf-citationWatanabe, T., Masuya, J., Hashimoto, S., Honyashiki, M., Ono, M., Tamada, Y., Fujimura, Y., Inoue, T., & Shimura, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116715 · Cited by 23
“Previous studies have aimed to investigate the association between various physical and mental disorders and overtime work hours, but the results have been controversial [8,11,12].”
BackgroundResultChe, H., Wu, H., Qiao, Y., Luan, B., Zhao, Q., & Wang, H. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04722-y · Cited by 22
“For example, the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) implemented a policy in 1998 with a maximum workweek of 48 h. Denmark, Sweden, and Germany have been compliant with the EWTD for several years [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, X., Wang, C., Wang, J., Ji, Y., & Li, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11454-9 · Cited by 19
“A systematic review and meta-analysis involving approximately 190,000 participants from 28 prospective cohort studies in 35 countries reported that an increased risk of depression was linked to prior overtime work in Europe and, to a greater extent, in Asia [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWork time reduction via a 4-day workweek finds improvements in workers’ well-being
Fan, W., Schor, J. B., Kelly, O., & Gu, G. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02259-6 · Cited by 34
“Individuals who work long hours are more likely to experience psychological distress 29–31 , are less likely to engage in regular exercise 32,33 and tend to consume fast food more frequently 32 .”
Bertrais, S., Mauroux, A., Chastang, J., & Niedhammer, I. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23111 · Cited by 20
“…that the association of long working hours with depressive symptoms may differ according to country, being strong in Asian countries, weaker in Europe, and not significant in North America or Australia, because of differences in cultural and occupational health policy (Virtanen et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodWorking Time Characteristics and Mental Health among Corrections and Transportation Workers
Cavallari, J. M., Garza, J. L. B., Ferguson, J. M., Laguerre, R. A., Decker, R. E., Suleiman, A. O., & Dugan, A. G. (2020) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaa131 · Cited by 19
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Tomono, M., Yamauchi, T., Suka, M., & Yanagisawa, H. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12254 · Cited by 17
Madsen, I. E. H., & Rugulies, R. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3984 · Cited by 28
“Subsequent papers from the IPD-Work consortium showed associations between job strain and stroke (17), diabetes (18) and depression (19), between long working hours and coronary heart disease and stroke (20), diabetes (21) and depression (22) and between effort–reward imbalance and coronary heart disease (23).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssociation between work style and presenteeism in the Japanese service sector
Ishimaru, T., & Fujino, Y. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12211 · Cited by 16
Workplace Social Support and Reduced Psychological Distress
Inoue, R., Hikichi, H., Inoue, A., Kachi, Y., Eguchi, H., Watanabe, K., Arai, Y., Iwata, N., & Tsutsumi, A. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002675 · Cited by 18
Prevalence of depression disorder in industrial workers: a meta-analysis
Amiri, S. (2021) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2021.1912448 · Cited by 16
Watanabe, K., & Tsutsumi, A. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/40339 · Cited by 15
Association Between Overtime-Working Environment and Psychological Distress Among Japanese Workers
Ishida, Y., Murayama, H., & Fukuda, Y. (2020) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001920 · Cited by 17
Arensman, E., Leduc, M., O’Brien, C., Corcoran, P. E., Griffin, E., Leduc, C., Coppens, E., Tsantila, F., Ross, V. L., Abdulla, K., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07537-0 · Cited by 18
Self-citationBaek, S., & Yoon, J. (2023) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107829 · Cited by 14
Baek, S., Won, J., Lee, Y., & Yoon, J. (2024) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107890 · Cited by 14
Overwork and changes in brain structure: a pilot study
Jang, W., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Lee, S., Choi, J. Y., & Lee, W. (2025) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2025-110057 · Cited by 14
Okawara, M., Ishimaru, T., Yoshikawa, T., Kido, M., Nakashima, Y., Nakayasu, A., Kimori, K., Imamura, S., & Matsumoto, K. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12377 · Cited by 14
Kim, D. J. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3751 · Cited by 16
“However, heterogeneity was observed in the studies from North America, which might have masked significant findings (41).”
BackgroundHazzard, V. M., Mason, T. B., Smith, K. E., Schaefer, L. M., Anderson, L. M., Dodd, D. R., Crosby, R. D., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.025 · Cited by 14
Association between overtime and depressive symptoms among Chinese employees
Liang, Y., Li, Z., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1241994 · Cited by 13
Arbeitszeit bei Ärzt:innen und Auswirkungen auf Gesundheit, Zufriedenheit und Gesundheitsversorgung
Jung, F. U. C. E., Luppa, M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2023) · Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie · doi:10.1007/s40664-023-00503-2 · Cited by 13
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Kang, E. (2021) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079920986160 · Cited by 14
“Effects on psychological conditions, including depression and emotional status (Hsu et al., 2019; Virtanen et al., 2018), and on lifestyle behaviors such as alcohol consumption and smoking (Virtanen et al.”
BackgroundBackhaus, N., Brauner, C., & Tisch, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s41449-019-00169-8 · Cited by 12
Ikeda, H., Kubo, T., Nishimura, Y., et al. (2023) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2023-108962 · Cited by 11
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Self-citationInoue, Y., Yamamoto, S., Fukunaga, A., Hoang, D. V., Miki, T., Islam, Z., Miyo, K., Ishii, M., Ishiwari, H., Konishi, M., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049996 · Cited by 12
Niedhammer, I., Milner, A. J., Geoffroy-Perez, B., Coutrot, T., LaMontagne, A. D., & Chastang, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031352 · Cited by 11
Long Working Hours and Risk of Depression by Household Income Level
Park, M. Y., Lee, J., Kim, H., Lee, Y. M., Ahn, J., Lee, D., & Kang, M. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002419 · Cited by 12
“A recent meta-analysis using both published data and unpublished individual participant data (189,729 participants from Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia) suggested an increased risk of depression linked to prior overtime work, especially in Asian countries.(2) Longer working hours are generally accompanied b…”
MethodObjective and subjective working hours and their roles on workers’ health among Japanese employees
Ochiai, Y., Takahashi, M., Matsuo, T., Sasaki, T., Fukasawa, K., Araki, T., Tsuchiya, M., & Otsuka, Y. (2019) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2019-0126 · Cited by 10
Association between commuting time and depressive symptoms in 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Lee, D., Yun, J., Lee, N., & Hong, Y. (2023) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2023.101731 · Cited by 13
Baek, S., Lee, Y., Yoon, J., & Won, J. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20230302 · Cited by 16
“10 12 – 16 The e ff ect of extended work hours on the mental health conditions of workers has been assumed to be mediated through multiple mechanisms, including disturbance of work-life balance, emotional distress, exhaustion, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, and physiological changes.”
BackgroundBaek, S., Lee, W., Kim, M.-S., Lim, M., Yoon, J., & Won, J. (2023) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2022-220129 · Cited by 13
Dai, T., Wang, J., Gan, G., Zhang, C., Dong, X., Yang, P., Wang, Y., Xie, J., Xiao, R., & Duan, Y. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101435 · Cited by 15
Self-citationBaek, S., Kim, M.-S., Lim, M., Kim, T., Won, J., & Yoon, J. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115344 · Cited by 11
Inoue, Y., Yamamoto, S., Stickley, A., Kuwahara, K., Miyamoto, T., Nakagawa, T., Honda, T., Imai, T., Nishihara, A., Kabe, I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20200382 · Cited by 10
“…LTSA due to mental disorders observed among those with 45 – 79 hours of overtime work seems to contradict the fi ndings reported by Virtanen et al. 5 However, it accords with a series of studies that showed an inverse association between long working hours and all-cause SA; a systematic review by…”
InfluentialLee, J., & Kim, H. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001359 · Cited by 10
“Long working hours may lead to not only cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases but also to mood disorders, including depression, anxiety, and impaired sleep.(5,6) In contrast to the clear relationship between long working hours and vascular events, the association with underlying biologic conditions that can caus…”
BackgroundLeka, S., & Jain, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5114626 · Cited by 10
Unpaid overtime and mental health in the Canadian working population
Shahidi, F. V., Tracey, M., Gignac, M. A. M., Oudyk, J., & Smith, P. M. (2024) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23622 · Cited by 9
Liang, J., Liu, L., Cao, Y., Zhang, Q., Liu, F., Chen, Y., Liu, H., Duan, Z., Xu, M., Xin, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06974-z · Cited by 9
“7) Overwork was de ned as a patient's self-reported history of moderate intensity physical and mental work beyond the normal working hours within 4 weeks before the diagnosis of ACLF[15, 16].”
BackgroundTsukada, Y. T., Aoki‐Kamiya, C., Mizuno, A., Nakayama, A., Ide, T., Aoyama, R., Honye, J., Hoshina, K., Ikegame, T., Inoue, K., et al. (2025) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-23-0890 · Cited by 10
Kim, G. L., Kim, J., Lee, J. G., Tak, Y. J., Lee, S. H., Ra, Y.-J., Lee, S. Y., Cho, Y. H., Park, E. J., Lee, Y., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071155 · Cited by 12
“…of this association diminished after adjusting for work patterns and weekly working hours in Models 4 (OR 3.05, 95% CI 0.75–12.46) and 5**(OR 3.08, 95% CI 0.73–13.10), which suggested that occupational factors mediated the relationship between coffee consumption and suicidal ideation [28,29].”
InfluentialBaek, S., Lim, M., Kim, T., Lee, Y., Won, J., & Yoon, J. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4147 · Cited by 11
Niedhammer, I., Quatrevaux, M., & Bertrais, S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.157 · Cited by 8
Park, J., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2021-0019 · Cited by 8
The importance of extended working hours for work-related injuries
Garde, A. H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3981 · Cited by 8
“The review adds to several other recent systematic reviews regarding extended weekly working hours performed by the World Health Organization, the International Labor Organization and the IPD-Work consortium, which have examined the associations between long working hours and primarily long-term health outcomes such a…”
BackgroundMensah, A., Toivanen, S., & Diewald, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.818359 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Virtanen, M., Jokela, M., Madsen, I. E., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Lallukka, T., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G. D., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Burr, H., Dragano, N., Erbel, R., Ferrie, J. E., Heikkilä, K., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Lahelma, E., Nielsen, M. L., Oksanen, T., Pejtersen, J. H., Pentti, J., Rahkonen, O., Rugulies, R., Salo, P., Schupp, J., Shipley, M. J., Siegrist, J., Singh-Manoux, A., Suominen, S. B., Theorell, T., Vahtera, J., Wagner, G. G., Wang, J. L., Yiengprugsawan, V., Westerlund, H., & Kivimäki, M.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- Region Stockholm (SE)
- University College London (GB)
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (DK)
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen (DE)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Mid Sweden University (SE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Turku (FI)
- German Institute for Economic Research (DE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Virtanen, Marianna
- ORCID
- Virtanen, Marianna
- Jokela, Markus
- Madsen, Ida EH
- Lallukka, Tea
- Nyberg, Solja T
- Alfredsson, Lars
- Batty, G David
- Borritz, Marianne
- Burr, Hermann
- Heikkilä, Katriina
- Lahelma, Eero
- Nielsen, Martin L
- Oksanen, Tuula
- Pejtersen, Jan H
- Rahkonen, Ossi
- Rugulies, Reiner
- Salo, Paula
- Schupp, Jürgen
- Suominen, Sakari B
- Theorell, Töres
- Vahtera, Jussi
- Wagner, Gert G
- Yiengprugsawan, Vasoontara
- Westerlund, Hugo
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
- Published
- 2018-02-08
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 239-250
- ISSN
- 0355-3140 (ISSN-L)
- 1795-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2785409727
- Semantic Scholar
- 42a1eea10cca23e5a464e72f166877165a57ce5b
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 4.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University Library of Skövde (University of Skövde) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Työsuojelurahasto
- NordForsk (75021, K013351, 311492)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1, K013351, 311492, 258598)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J023299/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
- Keywords
- long working hours, depressive symptoms, depression onset, occupational stress, workplace mental health, individual patient data, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Asia, Depression, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, North America, Prospective Studies, Work Schedule Tolerance, Risk Assessment, Observational Studies as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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