Live psychotherapy by video versus in‐person: A meta‐analysis of efficacy and its relationship to types and targets of treatment

Fernandez, Ephrem; Woldgabreal, Yilma; Day, Andrew; Pham, Tuan; Gleich, Bianca; Aboujaoude, Elias

doi:10.1002/cpp.2594

Cited by 168Telemedicine and Telehealth ImplementationDigital Mental Health InterventionsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Live psychotherapy by video versus in‐person: A meta‐analysis of efficacy and its relationship to types and targets of treatment

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Fernandez, Ephrem, Woldgabreal, Yilma, Day, Andrew, Pham, Tuan, Gleich, Bianca, Aboujaoude, Elias·2021·Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy

DOI 10.1002/cpp.2594

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Abstract

In‐person psychotherapy (IPP) has a long and storied past, but technology advances have ushered in a new era of video‐delivered psychotherapy (VDP). In this meta‐analysis, pre‐post changes within VDP were evaluated as were outcome differences between VDP versus IPP or other comparison groups. A literature search identified k = 56 within‐group studies (N = 1681 participants) and 47 between‐group studies (N = 3564). The pre‐post effect size of VDP was large and highly significant, g = +0.99 95% CI [0.67–0.31]. VDP was significantly better in outcome than wait list controls (g = 0.77) but negligible in difference from IPP. Within‐groups heterogeneity of effect sizes was reduced after subgrouping studies by treatment target, of which anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (each with k > 5) had effect sizes nearing 1.00. Disaggregating within‐groups studies by therapy type, the effect size was 1.34 for CBT and 0.66 for non‐CBT. Adjusted for possible publication bias, the overall effect size of VDP within groups was g = 0.54. In conclusion, substantial and significant improvement occurs from pre‐ to post‐phases of VDP, this in turn differing negligibly from IPP treatment outcome. The VDP improvement is most pronounced when CBT is used, and when anxiety, depression, or PTSD are targeted, and it remains strong though attenuated by publication bias. Clinically, therapy is no less efficacious when delivered via videoconferencing than in‐person, with efficacy being most pronounced in CBT for affective disorders. Live psychotherapy by video emerges not only as a popular and convenient choice but also one that is now upheld by meta‐analytic evidence.

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Internet-based CBT is widely acknowledged as a useful and effective resource for increasing access to mental health care, especially for digital natives such as students.
“Internet-based CBT (iCBT) is widely acknowledged as a useful and effective resource for increasing access to mental health care [15,16], especially for digital natives such as students [17].”
From Barriers to and Facilitators of a Blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Depression and Anxiety Based on Experiences of University Students: Qualitative Interview Study (2023) · cites this paper as [15]

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Marchand, A., Beaulieu‐Prévost, D., Guay, S., Bouchard, S., Drouin, M., & Germain, V. (2011) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.562479 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A pilot of acceptance and commitment therapy for public speaking anxiety delivered with group videoconferencing and virtual reality exposure
Yuen, E. K., Goetter, E. M., Stasio, M. J., Ash, P., Mansour, B., McNally, E., Sanchez, M., Hobar, E., Forte, S., Zulaica, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.01.006 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Problem‐Solving Intervention for Hospice Family Caregivers: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Demiris, G., Oliver, D. P., Washington, K. T., & Pike, K. C. (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15894 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Videoconferencing in a mental health service in The Netherlands: A randomized controlled trial on patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes for outpatients with severe mental illness
Hulsbosch, A. M., Nugter, A., Tamis, P., & Kroon, H. (2016) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x16650096 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Face to face but not in the same place: A pilot study of prolonged exposure therapy
Franklin, C. L., Cuccurullo, L. J., Walton, J. L., Arseneau, J. R., & Petersen, N. J. (2016) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2016.1205704 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Telemental Health Delivery of Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) for Rural Women Veterans Who Have Experienced Military Sexual Trauma
Weiss, B. J., Azevedo, K. J., Webb, K., Gimeno, J., & Cloître, M. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22305 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Retrospective Evaluation of TeleMental Healthcare Services for Remote Military Populations
Grady, B. J., & Melcer, T. (2005) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2005.11.551 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Improving Access to Care for Women Veterans Suffering from Chronic Pain and Depression Associated with Trauma
Tan, G., Teo, I., Srivastava, D., Smith, D., Smith, S. L., Williams, W., & Jensen, M. P. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12131 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial Comparing Davanloo Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy as Internet-Delivered Vs Treatment as Usual for Medically Unexplained Pain: A 6-Month Pilot Study
Chavooshi, B., Mohammadkhani, P., & Dolatshahi, B. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.01.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Improving Treatment Adherence and Longitudinal Outcomes in Patients with a Serious Mental Illness by Using Telemedicine
D’Souza, R. F. (2002) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x020080s251 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Protecting privacy to protect mental health: the new ethical imperative
Aboujaoude, E. N. (2019) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2018-105313 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Use of videophones to deliver a cognitive-behavioural therapy to hospice caregivers
Demiris, G., Oliver, D. P., Wittenberg-Lyles, E. M., & Washington, K. T. (2011) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/jtt.2010.100503 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Telepsychology in a University Psychology Clinic Setting: A Pilot Project
Simpson, S., Guerrini, L., & Rochford, S. (2015) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12131 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of remotely delivered problem-solving cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for young people with depression and repeat self-harm: lessons learnt (e-DASH)
Sayal, K. S., Roe, J., Ball, H. A., Atha, C., Kaylor‐Hughes, C., Guo, B., Townsend, E., & Morriss, R. K. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-2005-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Video-based CBT-E improves eating patterns in obese patients with eating disorder: A single case multiple baseline study
Abrahamsson, N., Ahlund, L., Ahrin, E., & Alfonsson, S. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.06.010 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Erratum to: Significant treatment effect of adjunct music therapy to standard treatment on the positive, negative, and mood symptoms of schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis
Tseng, P., Chen, Y., Lin, P., Tu, K.-Y., Wang, H., Cheng, Y., Chang, Y.-C., Chang, C.-H., Chung, W., & Wu, C.-K. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0846-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Insider's Guide to Mental Health Resources Online
Grohol, J. M. (1999) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1999.2.173 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Telemental health: Why the revolution has not arrived
Aboujaoude, E. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20551 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
A qualitative study of the use of Skype for psychotherapy consultations in the Ukraine
Edirippulige, S., Levandovskaya, M., & Prishutova, A. (2013) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x13506523 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The insider's guide to mental health resources online
Bourgon, L. N. (1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-3592 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Guided Internet-Based Self-Help Intervention for Social Anxiety Disorder With Videoconferenced Therapist Support
Gershkovich, M., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., & Glassman, L. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.08.005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Role of Tele-Mental Health in Therapy for Couples in Long-Distance Relationships
McCoy, M. A., Hjelmstad, L. R., & Stinson, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2013.836053 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pilot trial of cognitive and behavioral treatment for hoarding disorder delivered via webcam: Feasibility and preliminary outcomes
Muroff, J. R., & Steketee, G. S. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.05.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mental Health Service Use Among Depressed, Low-Income Homebound Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Choi, N. G., Kunik, M. E., & WILSON, N. L. (2013) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264313484059 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Unobserved heterogeneity in response to treatment for depression through videoconference.
Smolenski, D. J., Pruitt, L. D., Vuletic, S., Luxton, D. D., & Gahm, G. A. (2017) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000273 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The other side of the coin: Computer‐mediated interactions may afford opportunities for enhanced empathy in clinical practice.
Comer, J. S., & Timmons, A. C. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12308 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of Group Counseling Transmitted Through Videoconferencing on Changes in Eating Behaviors
Nevanperä, N., Keränen, A.-M., Ukkola, O. H., & Laitinen, J. H. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2015.07.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Developing Alternative Training Delivery Methods to Improve Psychotherapy Implementation in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Smith, T. L., Landes, S., Lester-Williams, K., Day, K., Batdorf, W. H., Brown, G. K., Trockel, M., Smith, B. N., Chard, K., Healy, E., et al. (2017) · Training and Education in Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/tep0000156 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Career Paths in Telemental Health
Wright, S. D., Drude, K. P., & Maheu, M. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23736-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Ethical Issues which must be addressed in online counselling
Bolton, J. (2017) · USC Research Bank (University of the Sunshine Coast) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Nationally Scaled Telebehavioral Health Program for Chronic Pain: Characteristics, Goals, and Psychological Outcomes
Greenberger, H. M., Peters, A., Vue, L., & Pande, R. L. (2017) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2016.0188 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Internet-based treatment for Romanian adults with panic disorder: protocol of a randomized controlled trial comparing a Skype-guided with an unguided self-help intervention (the PAXPD study)
Ciuca, A., Berger, T., Crişan, L. G., & Miclea, M. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0709-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Early Adherence Targeted Therapy (EATT) for Postbariatric Maladaptive Eating Behaviors
Robinson, A. H., Adler, S., Darcy, A. M., Osipov, L., & Safer, D. L. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.12.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploration of Client Profile and Clinical Outcome in a University Psychology Clinic
Brunnbauer, L., Simpson, S., & Balfour, C. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12143 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Home Telehealth
Osborne, T. F., Russo, J., Arkwright, B. T., & Reich, J. J. (2017) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826142436.0004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Sorted by citations

Digital health literacy as a super determinant of health: More than simply the sum of its parts
van Kessel, R., Wong, B. L. H., Clemens, T., & Brand, H. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100500 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-art Review
Burback, L., Brémault‐Phillips, S., Nijdam, M. J., McFARLANE, A. C., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230428091433 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Psychotherapists’ Challenges With Online Therapy During COVID-19: Concerns About Connectedness Predict Therapists’ Negative View of Online Therapy and Its Perceived Efficacy Over Time
Békés, V., Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Luo, X., Prout, T. A., & Hoffman, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705699 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Is Europe prepared to go digital? making the case for developing digital capacity: An exploratory analysis of Eurostat survey data
van Kessel, R., Wong, B. L. H., Rubinić, I., O’Nuallain, E., & Czabanowska, K. (2022) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions: A systematic review
Church, D., Stapleton, P., Vasudevan, A., & O’Keefe, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951451 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Update on treatments for anxiety-related disorders
Lee, H. J., & Stein, M. B. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000841 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Videoconferencing versus face‐to‐face psychotherapy: Insights from patients and psychotherapists about comparability of therapeutic alliance, empathy and treatment characteristics
Leuchtenberg, S., Gromer, D., & Käthner, I. (2022) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12538 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
CBT-informed psychological interventions for adult patients with anxiety and depression symptoms: A narrative review of digital treatment options
Biagianti, B., Foti, G., Liberto, A. D., Bressi, C., & Brambilla, P. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.057 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Virtual Care for Behavioral Health Conditions
Palmer, C. S., Levey, S. M. B., Kostiuk, M. A., Zisner, A. R., Tolle, L. W., Richey, R. M., & Callan, S. (2022) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2022.04.008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Provider perceptions of telehealth and in-person exposure and response prevention for obsessive–compulsive disorder
Wiese, A. D., Drummond, K. N., Fuselier, M. N., Sheu, J. C., Liu, G., Guzick, A. G., Goodman, W. K., & Storch, E. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114610 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rebooting Mental Health Care Delivery for the COVID-19 Pandemic (and Beyond): Guiding Cautions as Telehealth Enters the Clinical Mainstream
Comer, J. S. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.09.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Telepsychiatry: learning from the pandemic
Greenhalgh, T., & Wherton, J. P. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.224 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy across online and face-to-face settings: A quantitative analysis
Eichenberg, C., Aranyi, G., Rach, P. J. M., & Winter, L. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100556 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
When the screen deepens the sense of connectedness: What therapists have found effective in successful cases of teletherapy
Werbart, A., Dominicus, E., Sheahan, L., & Philips, B. (2024) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12820 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Randomized trial of brief interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for depression delivered both in-person and by telehealth
Swartz, H. A., Bylsma, L. M., Fournier, J. C. J., Girard, J. M., Spotts, C., Cohn, J. F., & Morency, L.-P. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.092 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effectiveness of online therapy in promoting wellbeing and reducing burnout among psychotherapists
Cavarretta, M. V., Pellerin, H., Maurel, E., Anzalone, S. M., Truck, I., Cohen, D., & Ingoglia, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1510383 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Examining the Impact of Digital Components Across Different Phases of Treatment in a Blended Care Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Depression and Anxiety: Pragmatic Retrospective Study
Wu, M. S., Wickham, R. E., Chen, S.-Y., Chen, C., & Lungu, A. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/33452 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Accessibility at What Price? Therapists’ Experiences of Remote Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Erlandsson, A., Forsström, D., Rozental, A., & Werbart, A. (2022) · Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2022.2135935 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Acceptability of telehealth CBT during the time of COVID-19: Evidence from patient treatment initiation and attendance records
Cuthbert, K., Parsons, E. M., Smith, L. M., & Otto, M. W. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2022.01.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Patients' experiences of home-based psychotherapy via videoconference: A qualitative study
Moeller, A. M., Hansen, J. P., & Andersen, P. T. (2022) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2022.03.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Barriers to and Facilitators of a Blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Depression and Anxiety Based on Experiences of University Students: Qualitative Interview Study
Braun, P., Atik, E., Guthardt, L., Apolinário-Hagen, J., & Schückes, M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/45970 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Internet-based CBT (iCBT) is widely acknowledged as a useful and effective resource for increasing access to mental health care [15,16], especially for digital natives such as students [17].”
Background
It turned into something else: patients’ long-term experiences of transitions to or from telepsychotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic
von Below, C., Bergsten, J., Midbris, T., Philips, B., & Werbart, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142233 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Testing the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Potential Efficacy of an Innovative Digital Mental Health Care Delivery Model Designed to Increase Access to Care: Open Trial of the Digital Clinic
Macrynikola, N., Chen, K., Lane, E., Nguyen, N. S., Pinto, J., Yen, S., & Torous, J. B. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/65222 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Variations in the uptake of telemental health technologies in community and crisis mental health services during the early pandemic: a survey of mental health professionals in the UK
Rains, L. S., Dalton‐Locke, C., Landau, S., Needle, J. J., & Johnson, S. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04385-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Characteristics of effective teletherapy for major depression: A systematic review
Crowe, M., Inder, M., Manuel, J., & Carlyle, D. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.019 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effectiveness of videoconference-delivered psychotherapy for children, adolescents, and their parents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
von Wirth, E., Willems, S., Döpfner, M., & Kohl, L. T. (2023) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x231199784 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Model of integrated mental health video consultations for people with depression or anxiety in primary care (PROVIDE-C): assessor masked, multicentre, randomised controlled trial
Haun, M. W., Tönnies, J., Hartmann, M., Wildenauer, A., Wensing, M., Szécsényi, J., Feißt, M., Pohl, M., Vomhof, M., Icks, A., et al. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-079921 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Enhancing Access to Mental Health Services for Antepartum and Postpartum Women Through Telemental Health Services at Wellbeing Centers in Selected Health Facilities in Bangladesh: Implementation Research
Hossain, A. T., Rahman, H., Manna, R. M., Akter, E., Islam, S. H., Hossain, M. A., Ara, T., Usmani, N. G., Chandra, P., Khan, M. H., et al. (2024) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/65912 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effectiveness of online counselling during COVID-19 in Zambia: clients' and therapists' perspectives
Mulungu, C., Mindu, T., & Mulungu, K. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01614-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction of a virtual partial hospital program: A mixed-method study
Hudson, C. C., Klein, K. P., Ong, C. W., Handy, A. B., Swee, M. B., Lambert, H. K., Mei, S., Hom, M. A., Weiss, R. B., Beard, C., et al. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2088314 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Predicting non-initiation of care and dropout in a blended care CBT intervention: Impact of early digital engagement, sociodemographic, and clinical factors
Wu, M. S., Chen, S.-Y., Wickham, R. E., Leykin, Y., Varra, A. A., Chen, C., & Lungu, A. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221133760 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Uses of Virtual Care in Primary Care: Scoping Review
Agarwal, P., Fletcher, G. G., Ramamoorthi, K., Yao, X., & Bhattacharyya, O. K. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Satisfaction with videoconference-delivered CBT provided as part of a blended treatment approach for children and adolescents with mental disorders and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic: A follow-up survey among caregivers and therapists
von Wirth, E., Meininger, L., Adam, J., Woitecki, K., Treier, A., & Döpfner, M. (2023) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x231157103 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nonverbal immediacy cues and impression formation in video therapy
Pfender, E. J., & Caplan, S. E. (2022) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2022.2105816 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Empathy, working alliance, treatment expectancy and credibility in video and face-to-face psychotherapeutic first contact
Schoenenberg, K., & Martin, A. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2233685 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Online versus in-person delivery of cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: An examination of effectiveness.
Lisi, D. M., Hawley, L. L., McCabe, R., Rowa, K., Cameron, D., Richter, M. A., & Rector, N. (2023) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2908 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clients in Simulated Teletherapy via Videoconference Compensate for Altered Eye Contact When Evaluating Therapist Empathy
Grondin, F., Lomanowska, A. M., Poiré, V., & Jackson, P. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11123461 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Socializing While Alone: Loss of Impact and Engagement When Interacting Remotely via Technology
Baumeister, R. F., Bibby, M. T., Tice, D. M., & Bushman, B. J. (2026) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916251404368 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Assessing the Care Modality Preferences and Predictors for Digital Mental Health Treatment Seekers in a Technology-Enabled Stepped Care Delivery System: Cross-sectional Study
Kozlov, E., McDarby, M., Prescott, M., & Altman, M. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/30162 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Music mindfulness acutely modulates autonomic activity and improves psychological state in anxiety and depression
Ramirez, C., Alayine, G. A., Akafia, C. S. K., Adichie, K., Watts, D., Galdamez, Y., Harding, L., & Allsop, S. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1554156 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Investigating the needs and concerns of older adults with multimorbidity and their healthcare professionals for conceivable digital psychotherapeutic interventions
Moran, O., Doyle, J., Smith, S., Giggins, O. M., & Dinsmore, J. G. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221089097 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Habit reversal training for excoriation disorder: Differential outcomes of telehealth versus in-person treatments
Wiese, A. D., Omar, Y., Swann, A. C., Goodman, W. K., & Storch, E. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.psycr.2022.100099 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Online Training Process Groups for Therapists: A Proposed Model
Weinberg, H. (2023) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2023.2170236 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: Results from three nationally representative surveys on use, attitudes and barriers among adults affected by depression
von der Groeben, S., Czaplicki, A., Hegerl, U., & Reich, H. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100622 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Remote vs Face-to-face Interventions for Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-eating Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Samara, M., Michou, N., Argyrou, A., Mathioudaki, E., Bakaloudi, D. R., Tsekitsidi, E., Polyzopoulou, Z. A., Lappas, A., Christodoulou, N., Papazisis, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-023-00345-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How Digital Technology Mediated the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health: The Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent
Gega, L., & Aboujaoude, E. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.733151 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Clients' experiences of online therapy in the early stages of a COVID‐19 world: A scoping review
van Kessel, K., de Pont, S., Gasteiger, C., & Goedeke, S. (2022) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12610 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Development of a protocol for videoconferencing-based exposure and response prevention treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kathiravan, S., & Chakrabarti, S. (2023) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i2.60 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Digital service delivery applications in corrections: A scoping review
Ross, S., Wood, M., Baird, R., & Lundberg, K. (2023) · doi:10.52922/crg77109 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“No significant differences were identified, a finding that accords with meta-analytic analysis of the therapeutic impacts of video-delivered and in-person psychotherapy across a range of settings (Fernandez et al. 2021).”
Result
VCounselor: a psychological intervention chat agent based on a knowledge-enhanced large language model
Zhang, H., Qiao, Z., Wang, H., Duan, B., & Yin, J. (2024) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-024-01467-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Video call-based cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with common mental health conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ebrahimjee, A., Hodsoll, J. P., Valmaggia, L., Hickling, L. M., & Riches, S. (2024) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2400028x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Therapy in the digital age: exploring in-person and virtual cognitive behavioural therapy
Vizza, J., Riahi, S., Jackson, O., Potvin, C., & Rudoler, D. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07063-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety patients – A study protocol for a randomized control trial in an online group setting
Engelhardt, C. L., Meier, M., Keller, S., & Laireiter, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299803 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Remote probation by phone in France and Scotland during the 2020 lockdown
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Authors: Fernandez, E., Woldgabreal, Y., Day, A., Pham, T., Gleich, B., & Aboujaoude, E.
Affiliations: Department of Psychology University of Texas at San Antonio USA
Deakin University (AU)
The University of Melbourne (AU)
The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Fernandez, Ephrem
Woldgabreal, Yilma
Day, Andrew
Pham, Tuan
Aboujaoude, Elias
Venue: Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2021-05-05
Volume: 28
Issue: 6
Pages: 1535-1549
ISSN: 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
1099-0879
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2594
OpenAlex: W3146323173
Cited by: 167
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 7
FWCI: 4.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Texas at San Antonio
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: external beam radiotherapy, treatment efficacy, cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, publication bias, waitlist control
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Live psychotherapy by video versus in‐person: A meta‐analysis of efficacy and its relationship to types and targets of treatment

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