The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Individual Power Distance Orientation and Follower Reactions to Transformational Leaders: A Cross-Level, Cross-Cultural Examination
Abstract
Using 560 followers and 174 leaders in the People's Republic of China and United States, we found that individual follower's “power distance” orientation and their group's shared perceptions of transformational leadership were positively related to follower's procedural justice perceptions. Power distance orientation also moderated the cross-level relationship that transformational leadership had with procedural justice; the relationship was more positive when power distance orientation was lower, rather than higher. Procedural justice, in turn, linked the unique and interactive relationships of transformational leadership and power distance orientation with followers' organizational citizenship behavior. Country differences did not significantly affect these relationships.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, they would approve of hierarchy and hold the opinion that subordinates should trust and obey the superiors [13,14].”
From Power Distance Belief and Workplace Communication: The Mediating Role of Fear of Authority (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“employees with high perceptions of power distance view power differences as legitimate and they respect hierarchy (Kirkman et al., 2009)”
From Blame or Justification: A Conceptual Model of How Attributions Shape Observers’ Deviant Responses to Abusive Supervision (2026) · cites this paper as Kirkman et al., 2009
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Bhagat, R. S., & Hofstede, G. (2002) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2002.7389951 · Cited by 21,688
Exchange and Power in Social Life
Blau, P. M. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9780203792643 · Cited by 15,923
Schwartz, S. H. (1992) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6 · Cited by 14,619
Exchange and Power in Social Life.
Bierstedt, R., & Blau, P. M. (1965) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091154 · Cited by 13,625
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
Mixed-Effects Models in Sand S-PLUS
Pinheiro, J. C., & Bates, D. M. (2000) · Statistics and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0318-1 · Cited by 11,187
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Bass B. M, 1985, Leadership and performance beyond expectations
- Bliese P. D, 2002, Advances in measurement and data analysis, 401
- Brislin R. W, 1980, Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology, vol, 2, 389
- Hackman J. R., 1980, Work redesign
- Hofstede G, 2001, Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations
- House R. J., 2004, Leadership, culture, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies
- Lee C., 2000, Journal of Management, 26, 685, 10.1177/014920630002600405 · DOI
- Pillai R., 1998, Journal of Management, 24, 463
- Podsakoff P. M., 1996, Journal of Management, 22, 259
- U.S. Census Bureau, 2004, More diversity, slower growth
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,001
Zhu, L., Jin, X., & Kwak, W. J. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251381247 · Cited by 3
Yücel, İ., & Richard, O. C. (2013) · Bogazici Journal · doi:10.21773/boun.27.1.2 · Cited by 3
Gitonga, N. P., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · International Symposium on Business Cooperation and Development · doi:10.2991/isbcd-16.2016.78 · Cited by 3
Team insecurity as a multi-level and multi-dimensional construct: Scale development and validation
Kim, M.-H., Shin, Y., & Kim, B.-S. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01025-3 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Employee Engagement on Employee Turnover: A Case Study from the UAE
Firdous, T. (2020) · Palgrave studies in global human capital management · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42211-0_5 · Cited by 3
Tsai, F.-S., Chang, W., & Lee, C.-C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2021.3075091 · Cited by 3
Are celebrities accountable for the misconduct of their fans?
Cheng, L., & Toung, C. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21604 · Cited by 3
Anwer, F., & Siddiqui, D. A. (2020) · Global Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3757514 · Cited by 3
Abusive supervision and coping strategies among Indian professionals
Pradhan, S., Agrawal, S., & Nigam, S. (2022) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2022.11.001 · Cited by 4
MANAGING WORKFORCE DIVERSITY AND THE QUEST FOR ETHICAL LEADERSHIP
Martins, I., OGUNDARE, J. T. D., Akpubi, R. O., & Ogbor John, O. (2023) · International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research · doi:10.51594/ijmer.v5i6.495 · Cited by 3
Li, J. J., Liu, X., Houghton, J. D., Li, L., & Zou, W. (2023) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-06-2022-0213 · Cited by 3
Atiyah, A. G. (2023) · International Academic Journal of Business Management · doi:10.9756/iajbm/v10i1/iajbm1007 · Cited by 3
Ali, R., Shehzadi, M., & Mirza, S. (2024) · Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS ) · doi:10.54692/ajss.2023.07022036 · Cited by 3
The Study of Work Motivation across Cultures
Chen, G., & Kirkman, B. L. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190085384.013.7 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLee, H.-Y., & Yeh, Y. Y. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06839-z · Cited by 4
Cultural drivers behind employees neutralizing deviant information systems security behaviors
Mohammed, Y., Warkentin, M. E., & Beshah, T. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-09-2024-1108 · Cited by 3
Faroque, O., Arefin, M. S., & Rahman, M. S. (2025) · International Journal of Public Leadership · doi:10.1108/ijpl-09-2024-0102 · Cited by 3
Lehmberg, D., & Davison, M. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560.2017.1366494 · Cited by 5
Demir, G., & Albayrak, A. S. (2019) · Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi · doi:10.20979/ueyd.484218 · Cited by 3
Stępień, M., & Dudek, M. (2021) · Studia Socjologiczne · doi:10.24425/sts.2021.136279 · Cited by 3
Gardašević, J., Ćirić, M., & Stanisavljević, I. (2021) · Ekonomika · doi:10.5937/ekonomika2101077g · Cited by 3
Employee Commitment in Relationship to Organizational Culture: The Case of Lithuanian Companies
Staniulienė, S., & Gavėnaitė, E. (2021) · Eurasian studies in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77438-7_3 · Cited by 3
Chiu, H. H. (2021) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919621500882 · Cited by 3
Rafiei, S., Pourreza, A., Kazemzadeh, R. B., & Jahantigh, F. F. (2013) · American journal of public health research · doi:10.12691/ajphr-1-3-1 · Cited by 3
A Cultural Contingency Model of the Effects of Leader-Society Value Congruence
Mustafa, G., & Lines, R. (2013) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v6n10p1 · Cited by 3
Owolabi, A. B. (2015) · The Living Cell · Cited by 3
Gyekye, S. A., & Haybatollahi, M. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Organisational Psychology · doi:10.1017/orp.2015.4 · Cited by 3
RetractedReina, C. S. (2015) · Cited by 3
What Really Matters to Change Recipients: Dimensions of Supervisors’ Change Communication
Helpap, S., & Schinnenburg, H. (2017) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation · doi:10.1177/2319510x18776400 · Cited by 3
Chung, E., & Park, S. (2021) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/kjiop.v34i3.349-375 · Cited by 3
Qian, J., Xiao, L., & Chen, Z. X. (2012) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.5172/jmo.2012.1478 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPower Distance in Information Systems Offshoring Projects - A Control Theory Perspective
Heumann, J., Wiener, M. J., & Remus, U. (2012) · International Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 3
Cultural Variation in Australia: Ethnicity, Host Community Residence, and Power-Distance Values
Sivasubramaniam, D., & Goodman‐Delahunty, J. (2014) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.3968/4810 · Cited by 3
Venture capital-backed foreign portfolio company's IPO
Khanin, D. M., Gnanlet, A., & Leibsohn, D. (2012) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management · doi:10.1504/ijeim.2012.051963 · Cited by 3
Polarizing influence of power distance on country of origin effect
Wang, X., & Ding, C. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science · doi:10.1108/jcmars-06-2021-0017 · Cited by 3
A discourse on entrepreneurial identity : three essays.
Poudel, K. (2014) · doi:10.18297/etd/1757 · Cited by 3
Roux, S. (2014) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 3
Antecedents and outcomes of family-supportive supervisor behaviors
Kwan, H. K., Greenhaus, J. H., & Ziegert, J. C. (2014) · iDEA - Drexel University Institutional Repository · doi:10.17918/etd-4554 · Cited by 3
Do leaders' hierarchical perceptions matter?
Graham, K. A., & Ziegert, J. C. (2015) · iDEA - Drexel University Institutional Repository · doi:10.17918/etd-6345 · Cited by 3
(2012) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.20001 · Cited by 3
Ilić, D., Krasulja, N., Perić, N., & Vujić, N. (2021) · Journal of Applied Economic Sciences (JAES) · doi:10.57017/jaes.v16.1(71).08 · Cited by 2
Will differential leaders be welcomed? The justice-driven path to followership behavior
Wang, S., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., Ma, Y., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07392-z · Cited by 2
Xuan, L. H. T., Huan, D. D., Dung, M. N. T., & Dinh, H. P. (2025) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.23(2).2025.35 · Cited by 2
Liang, D., Shen, H., Sun, J., Xu, M., & Liu, M. (2025) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-11-2024-0279 · Cited by 2
Wang, X., Zhu, Y., & Xu, Y. Q. (2025) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-04-2025-0351 · Cited by 2
Yi, J.-S. (2026) · Journal of Intercultural Communication · doi:10.36923/jicc.v26i1.1312 · Cited by 2
Nguyen, D. T. N., Teo, S., & Wen, J. (2026) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-10-2025-0394 · Cited by 2
Zhou, J., Wang, H. Y., Lu, Y. W., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2026.2681051 · Cited by 2
Ross, L. E., Desiderio, K. P., Knudstrup, M., & Frino, M. G. (2014) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.21157 · Cited by 2
Chwallek, C., Engélen, A., Oswald, M., & Brettel, M. (2012) · Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1007/bf03372864 · Cited by 2
Chang, J., Lim, C. H., Kim, J., & Oh, I. (2021) · Journal of Global Sport Management · doi:10.1080/24704067.2021.1991830 · Cited by 2
Amidžić, R., Leković, B., Fazekaš, T., & Matić, M. (2022) · Facta Universitatis Series Economics and Organization · doi:10.22190/fueo211026001a · Cited by 2
The Patterns of Employee Voice in China
Ma, C., Zhang, X., & Li, Z. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31127-7_5 · Cited by 2
Vicarious Empowerment as a Novel Mechanism for Empowering High Power Distance Employees
Sumpter, D. M., Gibson, C. B., Phan, P. W. M. J., & Porath, C. L. (2023) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221231202400 · Cited by 2
Yang, Y., & Kim, S. (2024) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/1062726x.2024.2369643 · Cited by 2
Lunsford, L. G., Luo, L., & Stoeger, H. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05072-8 · Cited by 2
Choi, D. W., Stahura, K. A., Sammons, G. E., & Bernhard, B. J. (2013) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2013.782216 · Cited by 2
Linking Power Distance Orientation and Education Level to Authoritarian Leadership
Mingjian, Z., & Shuisheng, S. (2011) · International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII) · doi:10.1109/iciii.2011.205 · Cited by 2
中国跨国公司外派人员多目标主动行为的前因与后果——挑战性-阻碍性压力视角
Yan, L. I. U., & Rui, L. I. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.0553 · Cited by 2
Daşkın, M. (2016) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 2
Ценности и ресурсы как факторы социального благополучия специалистов российских бизнес-организаций
Балабанова, Е. С. (2023) · Мир России · doi:10.17323/1811-038x-2023-32-1-6-36 · Cited by 2
How does managerial consultation backfire pertaining to employee voice pressure?
Wang, X., Guo, J., Cai, Y.-J., Zhu, Y., & Duan, J. (2023) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2023.2263347 · Cited by 2
Her, D. Y., & Sin, H. (2023) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/15480518231205436 · Cited by 2
sécurité psychologique au travail : une perspective théorique
Maillet, S., & Marcoux, G. (2023) · Ad machina l avenir de l humain au travail · doi:10.1522/radm.no7.1670 · Cited by 4
Leader affiliative humour and work outcomes in multicultural teams
Hsu, C., Hsieh, C., & Chiang, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2024.2379589 · Cited by 2
Ghazali, I., Tanjung, T., Irianto, I., Muhida, R., Herawan, S. G., & Asih, H. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1411711 · Cited by 2
A comparative study of telework stressors-distress-outcome in the United States and China
Duong, B. Q., Lee, J., Slyke, C. V., Lou, H., & Ma, X. (2025) · Journal of Global Information Technology Management · doi:10.1080/1097198x.2025.2520712 · Cited by 2
The Influence of Personal Traits on Innovative Processes in Virtual Teams
Riedl, B. C., Marion, T. J., & Picot, A. O. (2014) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2014.51 · Cited by 2
Hospital management teams – reflections on organizational and medical specialization cultures
Viitanen, E., Kokkinen, L., & Puolijoki, H. (2015) · Journal of Hospital Administration · doi:10.5430/jha.v5n1p90 · Cited by 2
Jiang, L., & Li, Y. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.00035 · Cited by 2
LEADERSHIP STYLE AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIAN OIL AND GAS SECTOR
OLABODE, S. O., BAKARE, A. A., & IHEONUNEKWU, W. (2018) · LASU Journal of Employment Relations & Human Resource Management · doi:10.36108/ljerhrm/8102.01.0112 · Cited by 2
Cugueró-Escofet, N., & Fortin, M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031841 · Cited by 2
The Influence of Ethical Leadership on Employee Silence
Zhuang, Y. (2023) · Accounting and Corporate Management · doi:10.23977/acccm.2023.050406 · Cited by 2
Bao, Y., Liao, S., Liao, J., Sun, F., & Gao, S. (2023) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2023.2219060 · Cited by 2
研究開発チームにおけるシェアド・リーダーシップ:チーム・リーダーのリーダーシップ,シェアド・リーダーシップ,チーム業績の関係
淳, 石. (2013) · 組織科学 · doi:10.11207/soshikikagaku.46.4_67 · Cited by 2
Challenges in Conducting International Market Research
Engélen, A., Engelen, M., & Craig, C. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_6-1 · Cited by 2
How Leaders Generate Meanings For Monetary Rewards
Shang, Y., Xu, J., Li, F., Zhao, X., & Li, H. (2018) · Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) · doi:10.19030/jabr.v34i2.10140 · Cited by 2
Tsai, F.-S., Yang, H.-C., Chang, W., & Lee, C.-C. (2018) · Interspeech (USB) · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2018-1523 · Cited by 2
Fukushige, A., Aryupong, M., & Phijaranakul, P. (2019) · ABAC Journal · Cited by 2
Köksal, K., & Gürsoy, A. (2020) · Journal of Business Research - Turk · doi:10.20491/isarder.2020.876 · Cited by 2
HARMANCI, Y., Doğan, S., & Demirtaş, Ö. (2021) · Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute · doi:10.30794/pausbed.923775 · Cited by 2
Society and organizational culture and leadership expectations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bogdanić, D. (2012) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) · Cited by 2
Soo, H. S. (2012) · UUM Electronic Theses and Dissertation [eTheses] (Northern University of Malaysia) · Cited by 2
Glinow, M. A. V., & Schneper, W. D. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199846740-0051 · Cited by 2
Workplace incivility in the context of honor culture
Erdaş, K. D. (2016) · Sabanci University · Cited by 2
Perceived injustice and its impact on job outcomes : role of jealousy and self-efficacy
Khan, M. (2018) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) · Cited by 2
Song, X., Zhang, Y., & Mittal, V. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3074078 · Cited by 2
Bae, S., & Fath, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104692 · Cited by 1
Sun, J., Ma, J., Yang, L., Yang, S., Shen, Z., Zhou, Z., & Shi, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11235-z · Cited by 1
Zhang, X., Liu, Z., & Qian, S. (2025) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-01-2025-0070 · Cited by 1
Zhang, X., & Ma, C. (2025) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-01-2025-0068 · Cited by 1
Pan, C. (2026) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70508 · Cited by 1
Mohammad, T., Khassawneh, O., Bourini, I., & Abdelhakim, M. N. A. (2026) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2026.2642245 · Cited by 1
Mohiya, M. S. (2026) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/sres.70162 · Cited by 1
Impact of Indigenous Chinese Management Concepts on Leadership Practices
Berning, S. C. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57940-9_25 · Cited by 1
Individual Culture Orientation and Public Physicians Performance Accountability
Prayudi, M. A., Ekawati, L. P., & Wahyuni, M. A. (2020) · International Conference on Tourism, Economics, Accounting, Management and Social Science (TEAMS) · doi:10.2991/aebmr.k.201212.037 · Cited by 1
Zacher, C., Born, M. J., Wurster, S., & Michel, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132212476 · Cited by 1
Bing, S., Wang, J., Shi, J., Tan, C., & Hu, T. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2022.2098519 · Cited by 1
Lee, H. W., & Kim, S. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241280554 · Cited by 1
How and when exploitative leadership evokes team-level unethical climate
Saher, A., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07560-1 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J.-L., Chen, Z. X., & Lowe, K. B.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HK)
- Australian National University (AU)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Venue
- Academy of Management Journal
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 744-764
- ISSN
- 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-0989
- OpenAlex
- W2065289879
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 65.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Business and International Management › Global and Cross-Cultural Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Keywords
- power distance orientation, transformational leadership, procedural justice, organizational citizenship behavior, follower perceptions, cross-level effects, cross-cultural comparison, China–United States comparison, moderating effect
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review