Cited by 1,286Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorOrganizational Management and InnovationGlobal and Cross-Cultural Management

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Conceptualizing and Measuring Organizational and Psychological Climate: Pitfalls in Multilevel Research

Glick, William H.·1985·The Academy of Management Review

DOI 10.5465/amr.1985.4279045

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Abstract

Organizational and psychological climate research has been plagued by cross-level inference problems. This paper advocates treating the organization as the unit of theory for organizational climate while preserving the individual as the unit of theory for psychological climate. It examines multilevel conceptual problems in climate research and discusses strategies/or improving the validity and assessing the reliability of measurement. Additional multilevel research on climate and other areas of organizational science, particularly organizational culture, is encouraged.

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Authors: Glick, W. H.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Glick, William H.
Venue: The Academy of Management Review
Publisher: Academy of Management
Published: 1985-07
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 601
ISSN: 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.5465/amr.1985.4279045
OpenAlex: W1986225750
Cited by: 1,286
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 80
FWCI: 8.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Organizational Management and Innovation
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Business and International Management › Global and Cross-Cultural Management
Keywords: organizational climate, psychological climate, multilevel analysis, unit of analysis, measurement validity, measurement reliability, organizational culture

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Conceptualizing and Measuring Organizational and Psychological Climate: Pitfalls in Multilevel Research

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