The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Organizational and Psychological Climate: Pitfalls in Multilevel Research
Abstract
Organizational and psychological climate research has been plagued by cross-level inference problems. This paper advocates treating the organization as the unit of theory for organizational climate while preserving the individual as the unit of theory for psychological climate. It examines multilevel conceptual problems in climate research and discusses strategies/or improving the validity and assessing the reliability of measurement. Additional multilevel research on climate and other areas of organizational science, particularly organizational culture, is encouraged.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“ICC(1), indicating the ratio of between-group variance to total variance was 0.21, indicating a high score (Bliese, 2000;James, 1982).ICC(2), indicating the reliability of average peer perceptions, was 0.81, also representing a high value (Glick, 1985).Thus, our approach to aggregate the peer ratings can be justified.”
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
The Interpretation of Cultures
Fenn, R. K., & Geertz, C. (1974) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384392 · Cited by 19,241
The Interpretation of Cultures
Dadze-Arthur, A. F. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912128310 · Cited by 16,510
The social construction of reality : a treatise in the sociology of knowledge
Simpson, G., Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091739 · Cited by 16,462
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
The Social Psychology of Organizations.
Hackman, J. R., Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2989929 · Cited by 12,243
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
(1969) · Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa) · Cited by 10,735
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Barriers to Increased Market-Oriented Activity: What the Literature Suggests
Bisp, S. (1999) · Journal of Market-Focused Management · doi:10.1023/a:1009808112356 · Cited by 27
Held captive in the office: an investigation into long working hours among Korean employees
Zhang, L., & Seo, J. (2016) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1192053 · Cited by 27
Bentley, J. R., Treadway, D. C., Williams, L. V., Gazdag, B. A., & Yang, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00850 · Cited by 29
Mediators of ethical leadership and group performance outcomes
Peng, J.-C., & Lin, J. (2017) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-10-2015-0370 · Cited by 31
Assessing Senior Executives: The Impact of Context on their Roles
Javidan, M., & Dastmalchian, A. (1993) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886393293004 · Cited by 27
A Galileo Analysis of Organizational Climate
Fink, E. L., & CHEN, S.-S. (1995) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00356.x · Cited by 27
Morrison, J. M., Brown, C. J., & Smit, E. V. D. M. (2006) · South African Journal of Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajbm.v37i4.612 · Cited by 27
Riggle, R. J. (2007) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 27
Thiel, C. E., Griffith, J. A., Hardy, J. H., Peterson, D. R., & Connelly, S. (2018) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051817750545 · Cited by 26
A Team-Based Perspective for School Improvement: The Mediating Role of School Management Teams
Benoliel, P. S. (2021) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2020.1849481 · Cited by 38
Verdú, F., & López, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/tr2012a7 · Cited by 27
The impact of organizational practices on safety in manufacturing: A review and reappraisal
Wilson‐Donnelly, K. A., Priest, H. A., Salas, E., & Burke, C. S. (2005) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20000 · Cited by 25
Measuring capacity to perform across local government services – managers' perceptions
Björk, L., Szücs, S., & Härenstam, A. (2014) · International Journal of Public Sector Management · doi:10.1108/ijpsm-09-2012-0115 · Cited by 26
A Case for Homogeneity of Personality at the Occupational Level
Satterwhite, R. C., Fleenor, J. W., Braddy, P. W., Feldman, J. M., & Hoopes, L. L. (2009) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00459.x · Cited by 26
Personality as a Multilevel Predictor of Climate
Beus, J. M., Muñoz, G. J., & Arthur, W. (2015) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601115576597 · Cited by 25
Using Multi-Informant Designs to Address Key Informant and Common Method Bias
Homburg, C., Klarmann, M., & Totzek, D. (2012) · Gabler Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-3722-3_4 · Cited by 26
The formation of a cross-selling initiative climate and its interplay with service climate
Yu, T., de Ruyter, K., Patterson, P. G., & Chen, C. (2018) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-08-2016-0487 · Cited by 26
Vanbuel, M., & den Branden, K. V. (2020) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2020.1812675 · Cited by 25
Diversity Cognition and Climates
van Knippenberg, D., Homan, A. C., & van Ginkel, W. P. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0013 · Cited by 25
The Relationship of Key Factors in the Process of Collaboration
Legler, R., & Reischl, T. M. (2003) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886303039001003 · Cited by 25
Hospital safety climate and safety behavior: A social exchange perspective
Ancarani, A., Mauro, C. D., & Giammanco, M. D. (2016) · Health Care Management Review · doi:10.1097/hmr.0000000000000118 · Cited by 25
Ployhart, R. E., & Schneider, B. (2004) · Research in multi-level issues · doi:10.1016/s1475-9144(02)01030-5 · Cited by 25
Olvera-Calderón, J., Llorens-Gumbau, S., Acosta-Antognoni, H., & Salanova-Soria, M. (2017) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.33.2.237291 · Cited by 15
Kruft, T., Gamber, M., & Kock, A. (2018) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919618400066 · Cited by 28
Strutton, D. R., Toma, A., & Pelton, L. E. (1993) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.931 · Cited by 25
Tuấn, L. T. (2020) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.08.003 · Cited by 28
Corin, L., Pousette, A., Berglund, T., Dellve, L., Hensing, G. K. E., & Björk, L. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3955 · Cited by 24
Liu, H., Jehng, J. J., Chen, C.-H. V., & Fang, M. (2014) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21195 · Cited by 26
Clima y satisfacción laboral en el contexto universitario
Pecino-Medina, V., Mañas-Rodríguez, M. Á., Díaz-Fúnez, P. A., Puga, J. L., & Llopis-Marín, J. M. (2015) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.31.2.171721 · Cited by 24
Nübold, A., Dörr, S. L., & Maier, G. W. (2014) · Leadership · doi:10.1177/1742715014522679 · Cited by 24
Ağırdağ, O., Houtte, M. V., & Avermaet, P. V. (2013) · Lirias · Cited by 24
Crime and punishment in the marketplace
Reinstein, A., Moehrle, S. R., & Reynolds-Moehrle, J. A. (2006) · Managerial Auditing Journal · doi:10.1108/02686900610661423 · Cited by 24
Focus on psychometrics psychometric examination of instruments using aggregated data
Verran, J. A., Mark, B. A., & Lamb, G. S. (1992) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770150310 · Cited by 24
Adeniji, A. A. (2011) · Covenant University Repository (Covenant University) · Cited by 24
Organizing for Flexibility: Addressing Dynamic Capabilities and Organization Design
van der Weerdt, N., Volberda, H., Verwaal, E., & Stienstra, M. (2011) · Information and organisation design series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1284-7_7 · Cited by 23
Klingebiel, R. (2012) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1142 · Cited by 24
Booth, J. E., Park, T., Zhu, L. L., Beauregard, T. A., Gu, F., & Emery, C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000286 · Cited by 23
Tuấn, L. T., Rowley, C., Dinh, K. C., Qian, D., Masli, E. K., & Le, H. Q. (2020) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x19897753 · Cited by 29
Can sales leaders with humility create adaptive retail salespersons?
Tuấn, L. T. (2020) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21365 · Cited by 26
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., Agrawal, S., Plowman, S. K., & Blue, A. T. (2020) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2020.1758702 · Cited by 27
Better to be flexible than to have flunked
Lin, C., Joe, S.-W., Chen, S., & Wang, H.-J. (2015) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-08-2014-0201 · Cited by 23
Mitchell, R. J., Boyle, B., & Snell, L. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12322 · Cited by 21
Raes, A., de Jong, S. B., & Bruch, H. (2021) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2021.102157 · Cited by 24
Does an Ethical Work Context Generate Internal Social Capital?
Pastoriza, D., Ariño, M. Á., Ricart, J. E., & Canela, M. Á. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2145-4 · Cited by 24
Liu, W., Gong, Y., & Liu, J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035538 · Cited by 22
Chen, H.-K. (2015) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2014.965372 · Cited by 22
Lin, C., Tsai, Y.-H., & Liu, M.-L. (2016) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.01.001 · Cited by 24
Hahn, M. H., & Lee, K. C. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9445-z · Cited by 23
Affective Information Processing in Self-Managing Teams: The Role of Emotional Intelligence
Paik, Y., Seo, M., & Jin, S. (2019) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886319832013 · Cited by 33
The role of organisational climate factors in facilitating workplace innovation
von Treuer, K. M., & McMurray, A. (2012) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management · doi:10.1504/ijeim.2012.048078 · Cited by 22
Perceptions of work contexts: Disentangling influences at multiple levels of analysis
Griffin, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Jacobs, R. R. (2001) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317901167523 · Cited by 22
Musah, M. B., Ali, H. M., Al-Hudawi, S. H. V., Tahir, L. M., Daud, K. B., Said, H., & Kamil, N. M. (2016) · Quality Assurance in Education · doi:10.1108/qae-10-2014-0048 · Cited by 21
Luu, T. T., Vu, T. N., Rowley, C., & Luong, T. P. N. (2021) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2021.1886315 · Cited by 25
Managerial Power Bases and Subordinates' Manifest Needs as Influences on Psychological Climate
Ward, E. A. (1998) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1025083631828 · Cited by 21
Espiritualidade nas organizações, positividade e desempenho
Rego, A., Souto, S. D. O., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2007) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 21
Lee, J. Y., Yoo, S., Lee, Y., Park, S., & Yoon, S. W. (2019) · Vocations and Learning · doi:10.1007/s12186-019-09218-z · Cited by 23
The influence of transformational leadership on subordinate creative behaviour development process
Liu, C.-H. S., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100742 · Cited by 23
Multi-level fit: an integrative framework for understanding hrm practices in cross-cultural contexts
Aumann, K. A., & Ostroff, C. L. (2006) · Research in multi-level issues · doi:10.1016/s1475-9144(06)05002-8 · Cited by 21
Igniting students’ inner determination: the role of a need-supportive climate
Adams, C. M., & Khojasteh, J. (2018) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-04-2017-0036 · Cited by 29
The structure-climate relationship in Korean organizations
Sommer, S. M., Seung-Hyun, B., & Luthans, F. (1995) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/bf01734384 · Cited by 21
Validation of Denison's Model of Organisational Culture and Effectiveness in the Indian Context
Nazir, N. A., & Lone, M. A. (2008) · Vision The Journal of Business Perspective · doi:10.1177/097226290801200107 · Cited by 21
de Reuver, R., Kroon, B., Olabarria, D. M., & Iñurritegui, U. E. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063278 · Cited by 4
Measuring knowledge in organizations: a knowledge-in-practice approach
McIver, D. A., & Wang, X. “. (2016) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-11-2015-0478 · Cited by 20
Sakhdari, K., Burgers, H., Farsi, J. Y., & Rostamnezhad, S. (2017) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1396547 · Cited by 20
Açıkgöz, A., Demirkan, I., Latham, G. P., & Kuzey, C. (2021) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1007/s10726-021-09743-0 · Cited by 20
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE: FROM LITERATURE REVIEW TO AGENDA AHEAD
Hussainy, S. S. (2022) · International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research · doi:10.29121/ijetmr.v9.i1.2022.1107 · Cited by 20
Kim, B., Chang, Y., & Kim, T. (2023) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.2502 · Cited by 20
Montani, F., Odoardi, C., & Battistelli, A. (2014) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9371-8 · Cited by 20
Measuring Safety Climate in Primary Care Offices
Singh, G., Singh, R. K. P. G., Thomas, E. J., Fish, R., Kee, R., McLean-Plunkett, E., Wisniewski, A. M., Okazaki, S., & Anderson, D. (2008) · Cited by 20
Choo, A. S., & Grabowski, M. (2018) · Journal of Business Logistics · doi:10.1111/jbl.12195 · Cited by 20
Blame It on Individual or Organization Environment: What Predicts Workplace Deviance More?
Braje, I. N., Aleksić, A., & Jelavić, S. R. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9060099 · Cited by 20
Weinberg, D., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Currie, C. E., Delaruelle, K., Dierckens, M., Lenzi, M., Main, G., & Finkenauer, C. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.031 · Cited by 20
Glaser, L., Fourné, S. P. L., Brennecke, J., & Elfring, T. (2020) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2020.102068 · Cited by 20
Lin, C., & Chen, Y. (2015) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051815616252 · Cited by 21
Aitken, A. M. (2014) · Cited by 20
Does the school composition effect matter ? Some methodological and conceptual considerations
Dumay, X., & Dupriez, V. (2007) · HAL · Cited by 20
Bertlett, J. (2011) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 20
Mitchell, R. J., Gu, J., & Boyle, B. (2022) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12476 · Cited by 19
Arora, N., Nuseir, M. T., Nusair, T. T., & Arora, R. (2012) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/14502191211245615 · Cited by 19
Strategic management of salespeople when promoting new products
Chen, A. H., Peng, N., & Hung, K. (2015) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-03-2014-0181 · Cited by 19
Mathies, C., & Ngo, L. V. (2013) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0312896213495054 · Cited by 19
The Effects of Hospital-Level Factors on Patientsʼ Ratings of Physician Communication
Al‐Amin, M., & Makarem, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1097/00115514-201601000-00007 · Cited by 19
How and when group cohesion influences employee voice
Kong, F., Liu, P., & Weng, J. (2020) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-04-2018-0161 · Cited by 26
Fang, W., Wu, T.-H., Chang, T., & Hung, C. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13105364 · Cited by 19
Cahill, N. E., Day, A. G., Cook, D., & Heyland, D. K. (2013) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-8-140 · Cited by 19
Ortiz-Bonnín, S., Buades, E. G., Caballer, A., & Zapf, D. (2016) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000160 · Cited by 21
How Organizational Practices Predict Team Work Engagement: The Role of Organizational Trust
Acosta, H., Salanova, M., & Llorens, S. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 19
The relationship between psychological climate and work motivation in a retail environment
Woodard, G., Cassill, N. L., & Herr, D. G. (1994) · The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research · doi:10.1080/09593969400000022 · Cited by 19
Hospitality leaders Do they know how their employees feel about them?
Testa, M. R. (2001) · Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0010-8804(01)81013-2 · Cited by 19
Employees Do Matter: Autonomy, Teamwork and Corporate Entrepreneurial Culture
Monsen, E. W. (2005) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 19
Lok, P. (1997) · UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) · Cited by 19
Hernández‐Linares, R., Fernández, M. C. L., Memili, E., Mullins, F., & Patel, P. C. (2021) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23409444211002521 · Cited by 18
Ali, A., Xue, X., Wang, N., Yin, X., & Tariq, H. (2024) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/ijmpb-11-2023-0253 · Cited by 18
Thylefors, I. (2012) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.3109/13561820.2011.653609 · Cited by 18
Karanika‐Murray, M., & Michaelides, G. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-08-2014-0048 · Cited by 21
Psychological Climate in Organizations: A Systematic Review
Toprak, M., & Karakuş, M. (2018) · European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research · doi:10.12973/ejper.1.1.43 · Cited by 18
Adherence to the AWHONN Staffing Guidelines as Perceived by Labor Nurses
Simpson, K. R., Lyndon, A., Spetz, J., Gay, C., & Landstrom, G. L. (2019) · Nursing for Women s Health · doi:10.1016/j.nwh.2019.03.003 · Cited by 18
Surveying organizational culture to explore grid-group cultural theory
Wouters, K., & Maesschalck, J. (2014) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-11-2011-0529 · Cited by 18
Guanxi Networks and Creativity in Taiwanese Project Teams
Chen, M. (2009) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8691.2009.00542.x · Cited by 18
Chen, A. H., Peng, N., & Hung, K. (2015) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.02.041 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Glick, W. H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glick, William H.
- Venue
- The Academy of Management Review
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 1985-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 601
- ISSN
- 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1986225750
- Cited by
- 1,286
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 8.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Organizational Management and Innovation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Business and International Management › Global and Cross-Cultural Management
- Keywords
- organizational climate, psychological climate, multilevel analysis, unit of analysis, measurement validity, measurement reliability, organizational culture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review