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The effects of text, audio, video, and in-person communication on bonding between friends
Open accessAbstract
Considerable research on computer-mediated communication has examined online communication between strangers, but little is known about the emotional experience of connectedness between friends in digital environments. However, adolescents and emerging adults use digital communication primarily to communicate with existing friends rather than to make new connections. We compared feelings of emotional connectedness as they occurred in person and through digital communication among pairs of close friends in emerging adulthood. Fifty-eight young women, recruited in pairs of close friends, engaged in four conversations each: in-person, video chat, audio chat, and instant messaging (IM). Bonding in each condition was measured through both self-report and affiliation cues (i.e., nonverbal behaviors associated with the emotional experience of bonding). Participants reported feeling connected in all conditions. However, bonding, as measured by both self-report and affiliation cues, differed significantly across conditions, with the greatest bonding during in-person interaction, followed by video chat, audio chat, and IM in that order. Compared with other participants, those who used video chat more frequently reported greater bonding with friends through video chat in our study. Compared with other participants, those who spoke on the phone more frequently with their participating friend reported greater bonding during audio chat. Use of textual affiliation cues like emoticons, typed laughter, and excessive letter capitalization during IM related to increased bonding experience during IM. Nonetheless, a significantly lower level of bonding was experienced in IM compared with in-person communication. Because adolescent and emerging adults’ digital communication is primarily text-based, this finding has significant real-world implications.
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“perhaps indicating that emotional support received in these environments may be less impactful.”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Sherman et al. 2013
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sherman, L. E., Michikyan, M., & Greenfield, P. M.
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace
- Publisher
- Masaryk University Press
- Published
- 2013-07-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1802-7962 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2320528903
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 6.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Digital Communication and Language
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- emotional connection, computer-mediated communication, video chat, instant messaging, face-to-face communication, nonverbal behavior, emoticons, emerging adulthood, adolescents, close friends
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