Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships

Gonzaga, Gian C.; Turner, Rebecca A.; Keltner, Dacher; Campos, Belinda; Altemus, Margaret

doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.163

Cited by 293Attachment and Relationship DynamicsEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships

Gonzaga, Gian C., Turner, Rebecca A., Keltner, Dacher, Campos, Belinda, Altemus, Margaret·2006·Emotion

DOI 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.163

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Abstract

Drawing on recent claims in the study of relationships, attachment, and emotion, the authors hypothesized that romantic love serves a commitment-related function and sexual desire a reproduction-related function. Consistent with these claims, in Study 1, brief experiences of romantic love and sexual desire observed in a 3-min interaction between romantic partners were related to distinct feeling states, distinct nonverbal displays, and commitment- and reproductive-related relationship outcomes, respectively. In Study 2, the nonverbal display of romantic love was related to the release of oxytocin. Discussion focuses on the place of romantic love and sexual desire in the literature on emotion.

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Findings on peripheral oxytocin are mixed: some studies link plasma oxytocin with positive communication, affiliation, and emotional support, while others link it with negative emotions, anxiety, and distress in romantic couples.
“However, findings regarding peripheral OT are mixed. Whereas some found links between plasma OT and positive communication, affiliation, and emotional support (Gonzaga et al., 2006; Grewen et al., 2005; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2008), others showed associations with negative emotions, anxiety, and distress in romantic couples (Marazziti et al., 2006; Tabak et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 2010).”
From Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: Relations to couples’ interactive reciprocity (2012) · cites this paper as Gonzaga et al., 2006

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Sorted by citations

Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018807 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
“…romantic partners’ reports of love were moderately positively correlated with reports of sympathy (r .26) after the partners discussed something good that had recently happened (Gonzaga et al., 2001) and were uncorrelated after the partners discussed their first date (Gonzaga et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans
Rodrigues, S. M., Saslow, L. R., Garcia, N., John, O. P., & Keltner, D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909579106 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
“Furthermore, assessments of plasma oxytocin in humans find that oxytocin levels relate to parent– child bonding behaviors (12), feelings of romantic love and trust (13), and empathy and subsequent generosity toward strangers (14).”
Background
Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans
Feldman, R. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.008 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
“communication, affiliation, and emotional support between partners (Gonzaga et al., 2006; Grewen et al., 2005).”
Background
Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals.
Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.555 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Emotional Expression: Advances in Basic Emotion Theory
Keltner, D. J., Sauter, D. A., Tracy, J. L., & Cowen, A. (2019) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-019-00293-3 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Maternal and paternal plasma, salivary, and urinary oxytocin and parent–infant synchrony: considering stress and affiliation components of human bonding
Feldman, R., Gordon, I., & Zagoory‐Sharon, O. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01021.x · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Similarity, convergence, and relationship satisfaction in dating and married couples.
Gonzaga, G. C., Campos, B., & Bradbury, T. N. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.34 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Dopamine and Oxytocin Interactions Underlying Behaviors: Potential Contributions to Behavioral Disorders
Baskerville, T. A., & Douglas, A. J. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00154.x · Cited by 377 · see citing works
“However, it could be postulated that since oxytocin release in women has been positively correlated to romantically linked affiliation cues, sexual arousal, and orgasm [98,162], similar parallels may be drawn in females from clinical trials in males, because similar dopamine and oxytocin systems appear to underlie fem…”
Background
Influence of different positive emotions on persuasion processing: A functional evolutionary approach.
Griskevicius, V., Shiota, M. N., & Neufeld, S. L. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018421 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Why Does Writing About Important Values Reduce Defensiveness?: Self-Affirmation and the Role of Positive Other-Directed Feelings
Crocker, J., Niiya, Y., & Mischkowski, D. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02150.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Universals and cultural variations in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures.
Cordaro, D. T., Sun, R., Keltner, D., Kamble, S., Huddar, N., & McNeil, G. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000302 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citation
An integrative theoretical framework for understanding sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior
Toates, F. (2009) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490902747768 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
“In humans, sexual attraction and attachment motivation are each associated with distinct facial gestures (Gonzaga et al., 2006).”
Background
Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: Relations to couples’ interactive reciprocity
Schneiderman, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.021 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
“Whereas some found links between plasma OT and positive communication, affiliation, and emotional support (Gonzaga et al., 2006; Grewen et al., 2005; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2008), others showed associations with negative emotions, anxiety, and distress in romantic couples (Marazziti et al., 2006;…”
Can't take my eyes off you: Attentional adhesion to mates and rivals.
Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., Rouby, D. A., & Miller, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.389 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
What is shared, what is different? Core relational themes and expressive displays of eight positive emotions
Campos, B., Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D. J., Gonzaga, G. C., & Goetz, J. L. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.683852 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Prosocial effects of oxytocin and clinical evidence for its therapeutic potential
Striepens, N., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.001 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“OXT and social bonds Several studies have reported correlations between blood oxytocin levels and the strength of social bonds, particularly in the relation to mother–child [55] and romantic relationships [69].”
Background
Thin-slicing study of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and the evaluation and expression of the prosocial disposition
Kogan, A., Saslow, L. R., Impett, E. A., Oveis, C., Keltner, D., & Rodrigues Saturn, S. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112658108 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Feeling Love and Doing More for Distant Others: Specific Positive Emotions Differentially Affect Prosocial Consumption
Cavanaugh, L. A., Bettman, J. R., & Luce, M. F. (2015) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.10.0219 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Beyond happiness: Building a science of discrete positive emotions.
Shiota, M. N., Campos, B., Oveis, C., Hertenstein, M. J., Simon-Thomas, E. R., & Keltner, D. J. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040456 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“Ample evidence links oxytocin not only to childbirth and nursing, but also to the formation of bonds that facilitate this long-term commitment (e.g., Carter, DeVries, & Getz, 1995; Diamond, 2003; Gonzaga et al., 2006; Insel & Shapiro, 1992; Levine, Zagoory-Sharon, Feldman, & Weller, 2007).”
Background
Attachment, aggression and affiliation: the role of oxytocin in female social behavior
Campbell, A. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.001 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Are plasma oxytocin in women and plasma vasopressin in men biomarkers of distressed pair-bond relationships?
Taylor, S. E., Saphire-Bernstein, S., & Seeman, T. E. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609356507 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
The sociocultural appraisals, values, and emotions (SAVE) framework of prosociality: Core processes from gene to meme
Keltner, D., Kogan, A., Piff, P. K., & Saturn, S. R. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115054 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“For example, the strength of romantic ties, as measured by nonverbal displays of romantic love (Gonzaga et al. 2006) and interactive reciprocity (Schneiderman et al. 2012), directly relates to the amount of oxytocin released during dyadic interactions.”
Background
The jingle and jangle of emotion assessment: Imprecise measurement, casual scale usage, and conceptual fuzziness in emotion research.
Weidman, A. C., Steckler, C. M., & Tracy, J. L. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000226 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The effects of text, audio, video, and in-person communication on bonding between friends
Sherman, L. E., Michikyan, M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2013) · Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2013-2-3 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“Rather, one recent study (Seltzer, Prososki, Ziegler, & Pollak, 2012) examining oxytocin levels in daughters while they communicated with their mothers in person and through digital mediation found that IM, unlike face-to-face communication and audio-only communication, did not induce an increase in the bonding-relate…”
Background
Risk for mania and positive emotional responding: Too much of a good thing?
Gruber, J., Johnson, S. L., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.23 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Oxytocin role in enhancing well-being: A literature review
IsHak, W. W., Kahloon, M., & Fakhry, H. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.001 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
An upward spiral: Bidirectional associations between positive affect and positive aspects of close relationships across the life span
Ramsey, M. A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.003 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“…have been linked to higher levels of oxytocin (Gordon et al., 2008), and within adult romantic relationships, positive affiliation cues and expressions such as smiling (Gonzaga et al., 2006) and loving contact (Holt-Lunstad, Birmingham, & Light, 2008) are associated with the release of oxytocin.”
BackgroundInfluential
What the Face Displays: Mapping 28 Emotions Conveyed by Naturalistic Expression
Cowen, A. S., & Keltner, D. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000488 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Love of nature as a mediator between connectedness to nature and sustainable consumption behavior
Dong, X., Liu, S., Li, H., Yang, Z. G. O., Liang, S., & Deng, N. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118451 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Genetic Correlates of Adult Attachment Style
Gillath, O., Shaver, P., Baek, J.-M., & Chun, D. S. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208321484 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Automatic inattention to attractive alternatives: the evolved psychology of relationship maintenance
Maner, J. K., Rouby, D. A., & Gonzaga, G. C. (2008) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.04.003 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Emotion
Keltner, D. J., & Lerner, J. S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001009 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Sexuality in the context of relationships.
Impett, E. A., Muise, A., & Peragine, D. E. (2013) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14193-010 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
An investigation of plasma and salivary oxytocin responses in breast- and formula-feeding mothers of infants
Grewen, K. M., Davenport, R. E., & Light, K. C. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00968.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Oxytocin and psychotherapy: a pilot study of its physiological, behavioral and subjective effects in males with depression
MacDonald, K., MacDonald, T. M., Brüne, M., Lamb, K., Wilson, M. P., Golshan, S., & Feifel, D. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.014 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…behaviors are a diverse collection of studies demonstrating that so-called ‘‘thin-slices’’ of nonverbal behavior correlate with affiliative emotions (Gonzaga et al., 2006), intelligence (Borkenau et al., 2004), deception (Albrechtsen et al., 2009), socioeconomic status (Kraus and Keltner,…”
Background
Positive Emotion Differentiation: A Functional Approach
Shiota, M. N., Neufeld, S. L., Danvers, A. F., Osborne, E. A., Sng, O., & Yee, C. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12092 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Emotional expressions in human and non-human great apes
Kret, M. E., Prochazkova, E., Sterck, E. H. M., & Clay, Z. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.027 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships
Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.013 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
What’s Love Got to Do with It? Sexual Behaviors of Opposite‐Sex Couples Through Emerging Adulthood
Kaestle, C. E., & Halpern, C. T. (2007) · Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health · doi:10.1363/3913407 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“While romantic love and sexual arousal involve different brain activation patterns,(21,25,26) the biological processes involved in sexual intimacy and romantic love include a common hormonal component, oxytocin.(7,19,27) Because the effects of oxytocin are estrogen-dependent, the biological connections between love an…”
Background
Relational mobility and close relationships: A socioecological approach to explain cross‐cultural differences
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Variation in oxytocin is related to variation in affiliative behavior in monogamous, pairbonded tamarins
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Authors: Gonzaga, G. C., Turner, R. A., Keltner, D., Campos, B., & Altemus, M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Turner, Rebecca A.
Keltner, Dacher
Campos, Belinda
Altemus, Margaret
Venue: Emotion
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-05
Volume: 6
Issue: 2
Pages: 163-179
ISSN: 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
1931-1516
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.163
OpenAlex: W2152410293
Cited by: 292
References: 180
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 16.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Emotion (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (5T32MH15750-22)
US Public Health Service (5 MO1 RR-00079)
California School of Professional Psychology
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: romantic love, sexual desire, close relationships, romantic partners, relationship commitment, reproduction, oxytocin, attachment
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Attitude, Cues, Demography, Ethnicity, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Libido, Love, Male, Nonverbal Communication, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Social Desirability, Biomarkers, Expressed Emotion

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Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships

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