The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 44 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Juegos serios para el tratamiento o la prevención de la depresión: una revisión sistemática
Open accessAbstract
Serious games (computerised interventions which utilise gaming for serious purposes) have been shown to support improved outcomes in several health conditions. We aimed to review evidence regarding serious games for depression. We undertook electronic searches of PsycInfo, EMBASE and Medline, using terms relevant to computer games and depression. We included fulltext articles published in English in peer-reviewed literature since 2000, where the intervention was designed to treat or prevent depression and which included pre-and post-intervention measurement of depression. Nine studies relating to a total of six interventions met inclusion criteria. Most studies were small and were carried out by the developers of the programs. All were tested with young people (ages between 9 and 25 years). Most reported promising results with some positive impact on depression although one universal program had mixed results. Serious gaming interventions show promise for depression, however evidence is currently very limited.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review identified nine studies of six serious-game interventions for depression, almost all in young people aged 9–25 years. Most reported promising symptom improvements and adherence, but the evidence base is small, heterogeneous, and largely produced by intervention developers.
Key findings
- Nine studies relating to six interventions met inclusion criteria; most were small, and all were tested with young people aged 9–25 years.
- In the largest RCT, SPARX was as effective as treatment as usual on clinician-rated and self-report depression measures, with significantly higher remission rates for SPARX (43.7%) than treatment as usual (26.4%) (p=.030).
- In another SPARX RCT versus waitlist, remission rates were significantly higher for SPARX (78.9%) than waitlist (36.4%) (p=.004).
- The Journey showed significantly greater reductions in clinician-rated depression than an attention placebo (mean change intervention group = 17.6, CI = 14.13–21.00; attention placebo = 6.06, CI = 2.01–10.02; F(1,27)=20.6; p<.001), but not on self-report depression.
- Adherence was promising where reported: 85% completed all Think Feel Do modules; 60–90% completed all seven SPARX modules; 94% completed all modules of The Journey. ReachOutCentral showed no significant pre-to-post improvement in depression symptoms on the K10, though resiliency improved for females.
Methods
- Systematic review with electronic searches of PsycInfo, Medline, and EMBASE from inception to 21 June 2014, using terms for computer games and depression.
- Eligible studies were English-language peer-reviewed articles published after 2000, any design (RCT, CCT, or open trial), delivered online/digitally, using gaming as an integral and primary method, and reporting pre- and post-intervention depression measurement.
- Searches retrieved 2,137 publications; 43 studies were interrogated for inclusion, and 9 studies relating to 6 interventions were included. Data were extracted by six authors and checked by a seventh; heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis.
Limitations
- The paper states that studies were generally small, interventions were heterogeneous, and most were carried out by persons involved in intervention development; these limitations precluded meaningful data synthesis.
- The paper states that all included interventions focused on children, adolescents, or young people (aged 9–25 years), that program descriptions were limited, and that only peer-reviewed literature was reviewed.
- Evident from the text: only one RCT had a large sample (n=187), most other trials had fewer than 34 participants, several programs were CD-ROM-based and not smartphone-based, and most were not publicly available outside research settings.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
62 Not checked yet · 22 Own result · 16 No basis given · 14 Own interpretation · 10 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies were small and were carried out by the developers of the programs.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most reported promising results with some positive impact on depression although one universal program had mixed results.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All were tested with young people (ages between 9 and 25 years).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies were small and were carried out by the developers of the programs.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine studies relating to a total of six interventions met inclusion criteria.”
- Also stated in: § Results of the search · plain
“Of the 43 studies interrogated for inclusion, 9 studies relating to six different interventions were eligible for inclusion.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results of the search · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the majority of possibly relevant studies that were excluded, the reason for exclusion was that the intervention was exclusively a Virtual Reality simulation that did not incorporate gaming as an integral or primary strategy or was an intervention that was aimed at other conditions.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RCTs and CCTs were generally small; fi ve had a sample size less than 34; one RCT of SPARX (Merry et al., 2012) included a sample size of 187.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RCTs and CCTs were generally small; fi ve had a sample size less than 34; one RCT of SPARX (Merry et al., 2012) included a sample size of 187.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight studies focused on children and or adolescents (aged 9 to 19 years); while ReachOutCentral was tested with 18 to 25 year olds.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the open trial of Think Feel Do reported by Attwood et al. (2012), participants demonstrated signifi cant improvements in depression on the self-rated Adolescent Wellbeing Scale, the generalized anxiety subscale on the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and in self-esteem on the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RCTs and CCTs were generally small; fi ve had a sample size less than 34; one RCT of SPARX (Merry et al., 2012) included a sample size of 187.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven of the studies reported programs tested with children or adolescents with depressive symptoms or emotional problems and recruited via schools, community organisations or health care providers.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Characteristics of included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the trial of ReachOutCentral (Shandley et al., 2010), depression symptoms were only captured with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (which also includes items relevant to stress and anxiety) and there were no signifi cant improvements from pre-to post-intervention.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In terms of the fully self-help interventions (SPARX, SPARX-Rainbow, The Journey and ReachOutCentral); between 60% and 90% of participants completed all 7 modules of SPARX (Fleming et al., 2012, Lucassen et al., 2013, Merry et al., 2012) and 94% completed all modules of the Journey (Stasiak et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the trial of ReachOutCentral (Shandley et al., 2010), depression symptoms were only captured with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (which also includes items relevant to stress and anxiety) and there were no signifi cant improvements from pre-to post-intervention.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those who re-ceived the intervention had signifi cantly improved scores on the total anxiety score of the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, as well as on social phobia and generalised anxiety subscales but no signifi cant improvements on parent-rated anxiety or on the parent-rated Strengths and Diffi culties Questionnaire (Attwood et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Journey was compared with a psycho-educational computer program in an RCT and those who received the intervention had signifi cantly greater reductions in clinician-rated depression on the CDRS-R but not on self-report depression symptoms measured on the RADS-II (Stasiak et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In terms of the fully self-help interventions (SPARX, SPARX-Rainbow, The Journey and ReachOutCentral); between 60% and 90% of participants completed all 7 modules of SPARX (Fleming et al., 2012, Lucassen et al., 2013, Merry et al., 2012) and 94% completed all modules of the Journey (Stasiak et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the open trial of Rainbow SPARX there were signif icant reductions on the CDRS-R, RADS-II and the MFQ, as well as anxiety on the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale from pre-to post-intervention (Lucassen et al., 2013).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When compared with a waitlist control in students in alternative education settings, SPARX resulted in signifi cantly greater reductions in depression on the CDRS-R, and on RADS-II, as well as signifi cantly higher rates of remission.However, there were no signifi cant differences between groups on anxiety or other measures of psychological functioning (Fleming et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the largest RCT included in this review, SPARX was shown to be as effective as treatment as usual in reducing clinician-rated depression on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), on self-report depression symptoms measured on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-Revised Edition (RADS-II) and on the Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), with signifi cantly higher”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those who received the intervention also had significantly greater reductions on self-reported anxiety on the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the largest RCT included in this review, SPARX was shown to be as effective as treatment as usual in reducing clinician-rated depression on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), on self-report depression symptoms measured on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-Revised Edition (RADS-II) and on the Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), with signifi cantly higher”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the CCT reported in this study, Think Feel Do was tested as a universal intervention with a group of boys.Differences between those who received the intervention and those who received an attention placebo were not reported.Depression was not measured.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the largest RCT included in this review, SPARX was shown to be as effective as treatment as usual in reducing clinician-rated depression on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), on self-report depression symptoms measured on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-Revised Edition (RADS-II) and on the Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), with signifi cantly higher”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the open trial of Think Feel Do reported by Attwood et al. (2012), participants demonstrated signifi cant improvements in depression on the self-rated Adolescent Wellbeing Scale, the generalized anxiety subscale on the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and in self-esteem on the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In terms of clinician or facilitator supported interventions, 85% of participants in the RCT of Think Feel Do completed all modules (Stallard).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the CCT reported in this study, Think Feel Do was tested as a universal intervention with a group of boys.Differences between those who received the intervention and those who received an attention placebo were not reported.Depression was not measured.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the CCT of Journey to the Wild Divine and Freeze Framer, there were significant post-intervention differences between those who received the intervention and those who were in the waitlist control group on depression measured on the self-report Children's Depression Inventory as well as on anxiety measured by the self-report Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (Knox et al., 2011).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When compared with a waitlist control in students in alternative education settings, SPARX resulted in signifi cantly greater reductions in depression on the CDRS-R, and on RADS-II, as well as signifi cantly higher rates of remission.However, there were no signifi cant differences between groups on anxiety or other measures of psychological functioning (Fleming et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On average females spent a total of 91 minutes over 1.6 sessions on ReachOutCentral and males spent 69 minutes over 1.5 sessions (Shandley et al., 2010).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the open trial of Rainbow SPARX there were signif icant reductions on the CDRS-R, RADS-II and the MFQ, as well as anxiety on the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale from pre-to post-intervention (Lucassen et al., 2013).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the open trial of Rainbow SPARX there were signif icant reductions on the CDRS-R, RADS-II and the MFQ, as well as anxiety on the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale from pre-to post-intervention (Lucassen et al., 2013).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When compared with a waitlist control in students in alternative education settings, SPARX resulted in signifi cantly greater reductions in depression on the CDRS-R, and on RADS-II, as well as signifi cantly higher rates of remission.However, there were no signifi cant differences between groups on anxiety or other measures of psychological functioning (Fleming et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those who re-ceived the intervention had signifi cantly improved scores on the total anxiety score of the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, as well as on social phobia and generalised anxiety subscales but no signifi cant improvements on parent-rated anxiety or on the parent-rated Strengths and Diffi culties Questionnaire (Attwood et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the open trial of Rainbow SPARX there were signif icant reductions on the CDRS-R, RADS-II and the MFQ, as well as anxiety on the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale from pre-to post-intervention (Lucassen et al., 2013).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the largest RCT included in this review, SPARX was shown to be as effective as treatment as usual in reducing clinician-rated depression on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), on self-report depression symptoms measured on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-Revised Edition (RADS-II) and on the Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), with signifi cantly higher”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Journey was compared with a psycho-educational computer program in an RCT and those who received the intervention had signifi cantly greater reductions in clinician-rated depression on the CDRS-R but not on self-report depression symptoms measured on the RADS-II (Stasiak et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study drop-outs but not adherence data were reported in the studies of gNats Island Journey to the Wild Divine and Freeze Framer.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the open trial of Think Feel Do reported by Attwood et al. (2012), participants demonstrated signifi cant improvements in depression on the self-rated Adolescent Wellbeing Scale, the generalized anxiety subscale on the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and in self-esteem on the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the CCT of Journey to the Wild Divine and Freeze Framer, there were significant post-intervention differences between those who received the intervention and those who were in the waitlist control group on depression measured on the self-report Children's Depression Inventory as well as on anxiety measured by the self-report Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (Knox et al., 2011).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When compared with a waitlist control in students in alternative education settings, SPARX resulted in signifi cantly greater reductions in depression on the CDRS-R, and on RADS-II, as well as signifi cantly higher rates of remission.However, there were no signifi cant differences between groups on anxiety or other measures of psychological functioning (Fleming et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies did not include analysis of program content or detailed user feedback on program design.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However the fi eld is relatively new, and there has been little investigation of important questions such as the effects of serious gaming interventions on existing consumer-therapist relationships, health service utilisation, equity of access to care and consumer perspectives (Murray et al., 2005;Stinson et al., 2009).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Stinson et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight of the studies investigate the use of a tool for children or adolescents with depression or current symptoms.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature regarding serious gaming is at an early stage.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ReachOutCentral was tested with an unselected sample (participants did not need to have symptoms)”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No programs were smartphone-based”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this systematic review, we have identifi ed nine studies of six computerised interventions for depression which utilise gaming as a key component.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the programs described (with the exception of ReachOutCentral, and, to those with New Zealand IP addresses, SPARX) are not available outside of research settings.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however at present this literature is very limited.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All included interventions focused on children, adolescents or young people (aged 9 to 25 years).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the average player used it for one to two sessions”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were few notable changes in outcomes.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The remaining study is of ReachOutCentral (Shandley et al., 2010), an online program where users play the part of a new young person in town.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shandley et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Available data regarding adherence and impact is very limited”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Attrition (non-completion) rates have been shown to range from 2 to 83% (Melville, Casey, & Kavanagh, 2010;Richards et al., 2012;So et al., 2013).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Melville et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Richards et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites So et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serious gaming interventions show promise for depression, however evidence is currently very limited.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and acceptable to the adult population (Gun, Titov, & Andrews, 2011).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gun et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serious gaming interventions show promise for depression, however evidence is currently very limited.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While less research has focused on children and adolescents, growing evidence suggests that CCBT programs can be effective at reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety for young people (Calear, & Christensen, 2010;Richardson, Stallard, & Velleman, 2010).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Calear & Christensen, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Richardson et al., 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and has been shown to enhance locus of control and self-effi cacy (Goh, Ang, & Tan, 2008).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goh et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Firstly, a therapeutic relationship appears to be a critical 'active ingredient' in face-to-face models of therapy (Weisz, McCarty, & Valeri, 2006)”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weisz et al., 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Secondly, increased human contact in conjunction with an online intervention has been the main change proposed to increase adherence (Christensen, Reynolds, & Griffi ths, 2011;Newman et al., 2011;Richards et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Christensen et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Newman et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Richards et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Participants who may be particularly sensitive to criticism or rejection are able to acquire and rehearse skills in a non-threatening context where choices are associated with clear outcomes (Read, & Shortell, 2011).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Read & Shortell, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This rehearsal and feedback can be an effective tool for behaviour change (Read et al., 2011)”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Read et al., 2011
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that it is possible to develop game-based interventions to deal with the serious issue of depression”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of defi nitive detail and the limited nature of the trials does not allow meta-analysis at this time.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the programs aimed at those with symptoms appear to be likely to reduce symptoms of depression”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Existing literature has demonstrated that computerised interventions for depression can be effective”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spek et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Richards et al., 2012
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“users report favourably on them.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it appears that young people are willing to try these”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that serious gaming might also be of use for depression”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and that adherence is enhanced with therapist or paraprofessional support (Spek et al., 2007;Richards et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spek et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Richards et al., 2012
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Existing evidence shows that serious games can lead to improvements in diverse social, behavioural and clinical outcomes (Murray et al., 2005;Spek et al., 2007;Stinson et al., 2009).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Spek et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Stinson et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These limitations preclude meaningful data synthesis at this time.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that young people are willing to try them.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but is promising.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current data suggest that it is possible to develop serious games for depression”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most reported promising results with some positive impact on depression although one universal program had mixed results.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, the open trials were small, all with fewer than 21 participants except in the open trial of ReachOutCentral (Shandley et al., 2010), which enrolled 266 participants and obtained outcome data for 154 of these.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight studies focused on children and or adolescents (aged 9 to 19 years); while ReachOutCentral was tested with 18 to 25 year olds.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the open trials were small, all with fewer than 21 participants except in the open trial of ReachOutCentral (Shandley et al., 2010), which enrolled 266 participants and obtained outcome data for 154 of these.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those who re-ceived the intervention had signifi cantly improved scores on the total anxiety score of the self-rated Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, as well as on social phobia and generalised anxiety subscales but no signifi cant improvements on parent-rated anxiety or on the parent-rated Strengths and Diffi culties Questionnaire (Attwood et al., 2012).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Coyle et al. (2011), reported no outcome data but stated that in study one there were some improvements in Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) scores but not Youth Self Report (YSR) scores and in study two that gNat Island had a positive impact but no outcome measurement is described (Coyle et al., 2011).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The authors did report that there were signifi cant improvements in resiliency for females, but not for males.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the studies had some measure of satisfaction, with at least moderate ratings for all the programs.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Coyle et al. (2011), reported no outcome data but stated that in study one there were some improvements in Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) scores but not Youth Self Report (YSR) scores and in study two that gNat Island had a positive impact but no outcome measurement is described (Coyle et al., 2011).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On average females spent a total of 91 minutes over 1.6 sessions on ReachOutCentral and males spent 69 minutes over 1.5 sessions (Shandley et al., 2010).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Adherence and satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the RCT by Stallard et al. (2011), while young people were randomised to Think Feel Do or a waitlist control, only within-group analyses were undertaken so it is not clear if there were signifi cant differences between groups across the outcome measures.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies are generally small and interventions are heterogeneous.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, optimal gaming components and design elements have yet to be explored.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether serious gaming might increase uptake of computerised therapies or increase adherence to them has not yet been tested.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies provided very little program description and programs cannot be accessed easily for review.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether serious gaming might also have negative effects is also unknown.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, all have been carried out by persons involved in the development of the intervention and all but one (Merry et al., 2012) are small trials.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merry et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most of these cases, the game is played on a computer and involves a fantasy world in which the user undertakes a virtual journey as they learn real life skills.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We are at the beginning of exploring how serious games might impact on depression.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has been diffi cult to fi nd out much information about the content of the interventions.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Serious games have been effective for improving knowledge and adherence to treatment in conditions such as asthma, diabetes and cancer (Murray, Burns, See, Lai, & Nazareth, 2005;Stinson, Wilson, Gill, Yamada, & Holt, 2009).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Stinson et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines currently recommend the use of CCBT for anxiety and depression as part of a stepped-care approach (NICE, 2009).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NICE, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews have found CCBT programs to be promising or effective for the treatment of depression (Hedman, Ljotsson, & Lindefors, 2012;Newman, Szkodny, Llera, & Przeworski, 2011;Richards, & Richardson, 2012)”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hedman et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Newman et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Richards & Richardson, 2012
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Social Learning Theory describes the importance of learning from others who are credible and likeable (Baranowski, Buday, Thompson, & Baranowski, 2008)”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baranowski et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The combination of a narrative within games, together with clear learning objectives can facilitate deep learning (Dondlinger, 2007).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dondlinger, 2007
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Well-designed computer games have been shown to have multiple benefi ts including increased motivation for learning, improved attention and problem solving, and increased social engagement (Connolly, Boyle, MacArthur, Hainey, & Boyle, 2012;Papastergiou, 2009)”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Connolly et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Papastergiou, 2009
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Visual imagery and immersion may promote understanding of abstract concepts and improve retention (Andrews, 2011;Salzman, Dede, & Loftin, 1999).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Salzman et al., 1999
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Connolly et al. (2012) reviewed empirical evidence on serious games and Primack et al. (2012) reviewed video games for health-related outcomes, however neither identifi ed any games for depression.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Connolly et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Primack et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Titles and abstracts were searched by one of three authors to exclude studies that obviously did not meet the inclusion criteria.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Search strategy and key words
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six authors extracted data into a data extraction form that had been piloted with one paper.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Data extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A seventh author (SH) checked this data extraction and resolved any anomalies, inconsistencies or queries with regard to this information with the other authors.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Data extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Full text articles of studies that appeared relevant or possibly relevant for inclusion were requested and inspected independently by two of six authors with disagreements resolved by discussion.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Search strategy and key words
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This limitation does not refl ect the diverse population of game users.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Games are now popular among many age groups.
- Rests on an assumption: Young people have led the uptake of computerised games.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inconsistent terms used to describe the aims or purpose of computerised programs targeting users with depression and the lack of a consistent nomenclature for serious gaming added complexity in defi ning included and excluded studies for this review.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Serious gaming can add features of play, mystery and narrative (Klopfer, Osterweil, & Salen, 2009).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Klopfer, Osterweil, & Salen, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Serious gaming may be valuable in increasing immersion and can allow the use of visual metaphor and egocentric as well as exocentric learning perspectives (Dede, 2009;Dondlinger, 2007).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dede, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Dondlinger, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fi nding that many of the included interventions are delivered via technology such as CD-ROM highlights the important issue of time-lag from program development to published peer-reviewed fi ndings and dissemination.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: CD-ROMs are rapidly dating and cannot be utilised on many devices.
In the paper
“Models for such systems have been proposed (Glasgow, Phillips, & Sanchez, 2013).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Glasgow, Phillips, & Sanchez, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the Playmancer project has developed physical fi tness and movement based programs for older people (Kalapanidas et al., 2010).”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kalapanidas et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall there were promising fi ndings in terms of adherence (when reported) and in terms of impact on symptoms.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Computer gaming programs have been used for cognitive decline among older persons (Lim, & Chun, 2013)”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lim, & Chun, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have endeavored to make thoughtful judgments about inclusion criteria and have been explicit about these.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These various limitations mean that we can only make very tentative conclusions about the possible appeal and impact of serious games for depression.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the medium by which we can communicate broadens, it is likely that there is no universal method that will suit all problems and goals of treatment, or the all ways that people wish to access help.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have explored only peer-reviewed literature regarding serious games for depression.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
A large and increasing proportion of internet access is via smartphones.
“even though a large and increasing proportion of internet access is via smartphones.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CD-ROMs are rapidly dating and cannot be utilised on many devices.
“The CD-ROM is rapidly dating and cannot be utilised on many devices.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Games are now popular among many age groups.
“While young people have led the uptake of computerised games, games are now popular among many age groups.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Young people have led the uptake of computerised games.
“While young people have led the uptake of computerised games, games are now popular among many age groups.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“gaming interventions have shown promising results in the area of depression prevention and treatment (Fleming et al., 2014, Li et al., 2014).”
From A pilot evaluation of the SPARX-R gaming intervention for preventing depression and improving wellbeing among adolescents in alternative education (2017) · cites this paper as Fleming et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“This review was not confined to RCTs.”
From Serious Games for Mental Health: Are They Accessible, Feasible, and Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Our results compare favorably to those found in the review of serious games for depression only by Fleming et al. (83).”
From Serious Games for Mental Health: Are They Accessible, Feasible, and Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [83]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = -2.09reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .037
“(Z=-2.09, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 23) = 9.39reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001
“F(2,23)=9.39, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 264) = 11.89reported p = 0 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,264)=11.89, p = .00”
- ConsistentF(1, 177) = 15.51reported p = 0 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,177)=15.51, p = .00”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Outcomes
“SPARX resulted in signifi cantly greater reductions in depression on the CDRS-R, and on RADS-II, as well as signifi cantly higher rates of remission.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
“| | | Remission | those using SPARX (F=4.13, p=.052) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
“The RCTs and CCTs were generally small; fi ve had a sample size less than 34; one RCT of SPARX (Merry et al., 2012) included a sample size of 187.”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
“| Stasiak et | The Journey | RCT (vs AP) | 34 | 13 to 18 | Self-referred to school counsellor |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > Participants
“the open trials were small, all with fewer than 21 participants except in the open trial of ReachOutCentral”
§ SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW > CONCLUSIONS
“| Lucassen | SPARX-Rainbow Open Trial | 21 | 13 to 19 | Recruited from youth organisation | |”
Citations
Cites
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1
Prensky, M. (2001) · On the Horizon · doi:10.1108/10748120110424816 · Cited by 11,104 · cited 5×
“For the purposes of this analysis, we included interventions which utilise elements of gaming (Prensky, 2001) as an integral and primary method for achieving their purpose.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Italian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2427/5768 · Cited by 3,374
A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games
Connolly, T. M., Boyle, E. A., MacArthur, E., Hainey, T., & Boyle, J. M. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.004 · Cited by 2,890 · cited 1×
“Connolly et al. (2012) reviewed empirical evidence on serious games and Primack et al. (2012) reviewed video games for health-related outcomes, however neither identifi ed any games for depression.”
BackgroundGlobal burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000
Üstün, T. B., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C., & Murray, C. J. L. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.5.386 · Cited by 1,735
Immersive Interfaces for Engagement and Learning
Dede, C. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167311 · Cited by 1,707 · cited 2×
“The content utilises a ‘bicentric frame of reference’ (Dede, 2009) whereby the user meets a virtual ‘Guide’ who talks to them directly about depression and application of skills learned in the ‘game world’ to their life.”
BackgroundInternet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis
SPEK, V., CUIJPERS, P., NYKLÍČEK, I., RIPER, H., KEYZER, J., & POP, V. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008944 · Cited by 1,586 · cited 2×
“Existing literature has demonstrated that computerised interventions for depression can be effective and that adherence is enhanced with therapist or paraprofessional support (Spek et al., 2007; Richards et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSize and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies
Wittchen, H.-U., & Jacobi, F. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012 · Cited by 1,503
Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,442
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Wittchen, H.-U., & Jacobi, F. (2005). Size and burden of mental disorders in europe-a critical review and a p p r a i s a l o f 2 7 s t u d i e s . E u r o p e a n Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 357-376.
- Wittgenstein, L., & Anscombe, G. (2009). Philosophical investigations: The German text with an English translation. P. Hacker & J. Schulte. Oxford UK: Wiley- Blackwell.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Krath, J., Schürmann, L., & von Korflesch, H. F. O. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106963 · Cited by 1,324
Hollis, C., Falconer, C. J., Martin, J. L., Whittington, C., Stockton, S., Glazebrook, C., & Davies, E. B. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12663 · Cited by 846
“, 2014; Seko, Kidd, Wiljer, & McKenzie, 2014), 12 systematic reviews (Ali, Farrer, Gulliver, & Griffiths, 2015; Calear & Christensen, 2010; Clarke, Kuosmanen, & Barry, 2015; Farrer et al., 2013; Fleming et al., 2014; Hailey, Roine, & Ohinmaa, 2008; Reyes-Portillo et al., 2014; Rice et al., 2014; Richardson, Stallard,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSerious Games and Gamification for Mental Health: Current Status and Promising Directions
Fleming, T. M., Bavin, L., Stasiak, K., Hermansson-Webb, E., Merry, S. N., Cheek, C., Lucassen, M., Lau, H. M., Pollmuller, B., & Hetrick, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00215 · Cited by 582
“(9) Systematic review of serious games for the treatment or prevention of depression Studies of computer games/serious games to treat or prevent depression.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLau, H. M., Smit, J. H., Fleming, T. M., & Riper, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00209 · Cited by 328
Self-citationHetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Witt, K., Bir, J. J., & Merry, S. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003380.pub4 · Cited by 336
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fleming, T. M., Cheek, C., Merry, S. N., Thabrew, H., Bridgman, H., Stasiak, K., Shepherd, M., Perry, Y., & Hetrick, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica
- Published
- 2015-01-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227
- ISSN
- 1136-5420 (ISSN-L)
- 2254-6057
- OpenAlex
- W104801597
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c0df7f83fb1fb9fa1e4e28295426c8a0cfb6366
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 18.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- serious games, depression, depression treatment, depression prevention, youth, mental health interventions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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