The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration

Liberati, Alessandro; Altman, Douglas G.; Tetzlaff, Jennifer; Mulrow, Cynthia; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Ioannidis, John P. A.; Clarke, Mike; Devereaux, P. J.; Kleijnen, Jos; Moher, David

doi:10.2427/5768

Cited by 3,374Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsClinical practice guidelines implementationDelphi Technique in Research

The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration

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Liberati, Alessandro, Altman, Douglas G., Tetzlaff, Jennifer, Mulrow, Cynthia, Gøtzsche, Peter C., Ioannidis, John P. A., Clarke, Mike, Devereaux, P. J. +2 more·2009·Italian Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2427/5768

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Abstract

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safetyof health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however,is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, andother users. Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement—areporting guideline published in 1999—there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practicaladvances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews ofpublished systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported.Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologistsdeveloped PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution ofthe original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health careinterventions. The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. Thechecklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In thisExplanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. Foreach item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empiricalstudies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site(http://www. prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematicreviews and meta-analyses.

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The review adhered closely to the PRISMA guidelines.
“This study adhered closely to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [59,60].”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Food Safety and Hygiene Training on Food Handlers (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
This systematic review follows the PRISMA guidelines.
“This systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [12]”
From Efficacy of Hypnosis on Dental Anxiety and Phobia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.
“The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement [11].”
From The Effect of Fibrates on Kidney Function and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42018090502).
“PROSPERO preregistered (CRD42018090502).”
From The Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as [49]

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Authors: Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D.
Affiliations: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
University of Oxford (GB)
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
Cochrane (DK)
University of Ioannina (GR)
Trinity College Dublin (IE)
McMaster University (CA)
Maastricht University (NL)
University of Ottawa (CA)
ORCID: Altman, Douglas G.
Tetzlaff, Jennifer
Mulrow, Cynthia
Gøtzsche, Peter C.
Ioannidis, John P. A.
Clarke, Mike
Devereaux, P. J.
Kleijnen, Jos
Moher, David
Venue: Italian Journal of Public Health
Publisher: Milano University Press
Published: 2009-12-31
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
ISSN: 1723-7807 (ISSN-L)
1723-7815
DOI: 10.2427/5768
OpenAlex: W4399625654
Cited by: 3,374
References: 202
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 302 · 2023: 340 · 2022: 504 · 2021: 623 · 2020: 418 · 2019: 269 · 2018: 173 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 58
FWCI: 2.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-sa
Locations: Italian Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Bollettino del CILEA (CILEA) (submittedVersion)
Riviste UNIMI (Università degli studi di Milano) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: GlaxoSmithKline
University of Ottawa
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
McMaster University
University of Ioannina
Medical Research Council
Care and Public Health Research Institute, Universiteit Maastricht
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Keywords: PRISMA statement, systematic review reporting, meta-analysis reporting, reporting guidelines, reporting checklist, flowcharts, transparency in research reporting, health interventions, evidence synthesis

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