Should Broca’s area include Brodmann area 47?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Understanding brain organization of speech production has been a principal goal of neuroscience. Historically, brain speech production has been associated with so-called Broca’s area (Brodmann area –BA- 44 and 45), however, modern neuroimaging developments suggest speech production is associated with networks rather than with areas. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the connectivity of BA47 ( pars orbitalis) in relation to language . METHOD: A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the language network in which BA47 is involved. The Brainmap database was used. Twenty papers corresponding to 29 experimental conditions with a total of 373 subjects were included. RESULTS: Our results suggest that BA47 participates in a “frontal language production system” (or extended Broca’s system). The BA47 connectivity found is also concordant with a minor role in language semantics. CONCLUSIONS: BA47 plays a central role in the language production system.
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The left ventrolateral PFC is primarily associated with language and semantic processing, and has also been implicated in processing others' intentions, social norm violations, and social punishments.
“Instead, this region is primarily associated with language and semantic processing (Petrides, 2016; Ardila, Bernal, & Rosselli, 2017), and has also been implicated in processing others’ intentions (Brunet, Sarfati, Hardy-Baylé, & Decety, 2000), social norm violations (Berthoz, Armony, Blair, & Dolan, 2002) and social punishments (Spitzer, Fischbacher, Herrnberger, Grön, Fehr, 2007).”
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“Atlas labeling was performed according to the AAL90 atlas (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002). area, classically comprises BA44 (pars opercularis) and 45 (pars triangularis) in the left hemispheres, which was instrumental for the production, or articulation, of speech and language (Ardila et al., 2017).”
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Self-citationTatsumi, H., Satoh, M., Maeshima, S., et al. (2017) · Higher Brain Function Research · doi:10.2496/hbfr.37.243 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social Cognition and Functional Connectivity in Early and Chronic Schizophrenia
Rutherford, S. E., Lasagna, C. A., Blain, S. D., Marquand, A. F., Wolfers, T., & Tso, I. F. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anomalous cerebral morphology of pregnant women with cleft fetuses
Li, Z., Li, C., Liang, Y., Wang, K., Wang, L., Zhang, X., & Wu, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.959710
“Broca’s area classically comprises cytoarchitectonic areas 44 (parsopercularis) and 45 (pars triangularis) in the left hemispheres, complemented by some authors by area 47 (pars orbitalis) (Ardila et al., 2017).”
Background“My mind goes dead … I cannot speak”: an expression of DPD
Goeta, D., Mula, M., Mayhew, M., & Poole, N. A. (2023) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2023.2197201
“It appears to be intimately involved in semantic comprehension; specifically, the computational processing of semantic features and grammatical structure by working memory required to understand and produce complex sentences (Ardila et al., 2017).”
BackgroundElectrophysiological resting-state signatures link polygenic scores to general intelligence
Engler, R., Stammen, C., Arnau, S., Penate, J. S., Metzen, D., Digutsch, J., Gajewski, P. D., Getzmann, S., Fraenz, C., Reinders, J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633388
Neural categorization of visual words of alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages
Zheng, G., & Han, S. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679494
Visuomotor expertise in volleyball: saccadic latency and absolute alpha power
Vicente, R., Bittencourt, J., Fonseca, R., Zanchetta, G., Vasconcelos, A., Amoroso, C., Machado, M., Costa, É., Fernandes, I., Marinho, V., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1788088
“…at least in part, contributions from lateral prefrontal regions involved in attentional control, action observation, and visuomotor integration (Ardila et al., 2017; Binkofski and Buccino, 2006; Foundas et al., 1998); however, direct anatomical attribution is not possible given the spatial…”
How are grammatical and arithmetic processing related in the brain? An ALE meta-analysis.
Viesel-Nordmeyer, N., Ziegler, J. C., & Prado, J. (2026) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106925
- Authors
- Ardila, A., Bernal, B., & Rosselli, M.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- Miami Children's Hospital (US)
- Florida Atlantic University
- Venue
- Psicothema
- Publisher
- Grupo Editorial Psicofundación
- Published
- 2017-02-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 73-77
- ISSN
- 0214-9915 (ISSN-L)
- 1886-144X
- OpenAlex
- W2585721655
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psicothema (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- Broca's area, pars orbitalis, speech production, language semantics, brain connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Organ Specificity, Semantics, Speech, Prefrontal Cortex, Connectome, Broca Area
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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