Cited by 466Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Patterns of implicit and explicit attitudes: I. Long-term change and stability from 2007 to 2016

Charlesworth, Tessa E. S., Banaji, Mahzarin R.·2019·Psychological Science

Abstract

Using 4.4 million tests of implicit and explicit attitudes measured continuously from an Internet population of U.S. respondents over 13 years, we conducted the first comparative analysis using time-series models to examine patterns of long-term change in six social-group attitudes: sexual orientation, race, skin tone, age, disability, and body weight. Even within just a decade, all explicit responses showed change toward attitude neutrality. Parallel implicit responses also showed change toward neutrality for sexual orientation, race, and skin-tone attitudes but revealed stability over time for age and disability attitudes and change away from neutrality for body-weight attitudes. These data provide previously unavailable evidence for long-term implicit attitude change and stability across multiple social groups; the data can be used to generate and test theoretical predictions as well as construct forecasts of future attitudes.

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Crossref · 10.1177/0956797618813087

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  • Although explicit and implicit bias against minorities are decreasing, there is nevertheless a trend toward nationalist governments and policies in recent years.

    “Although in many cases explicit and implicit bias against minorities are decreasing [67], there is nevertheless a trend toward nationalist governments and policies in recent years.”

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Authors
Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Charlesworth, Tessa E. S.
Venue
Psychological Science
Published
2019-01-03
Volume
30
Issue
2
Pages
174-192
ISSN
  • 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-9280
OpenAlex
W2904897888
Cited by
466
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
FWCI
118.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Harvard Dean’s Competitive Fund for Promising Scholarship
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords
implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, attitude change, attitude stability, sexual orientation attitudes, racial attitudes, attitudes toward aging, attitudes toward disability
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Social Perception, Young Adult

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