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Cited by 1,120Vitamin D Research StudiesNutrition and Health StudiesSkin Protection and Aging

Demographic Differences and Trends of Vitamin D Insufficiency in the US Population, 1988-2004

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Ginde, Adit A., Liu, Mark C., Camargo, Carlos A.·2009·Archives of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.604PMC PMC3447083
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with suboptimal health. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency may be rising, but population-based trends are uncertain. We sought to evaluate US population trends in vitamin D insufficiency. METHODS: We compared serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), collected during 1988 through 1994, with NHANES data collected from 2001 through 2004 (NHANES 2001-2004). Complete data were available for 18 883 participants in NHANES III and 13 369 participants in NHANES 2001-2004. RESULTS: The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 29-30) ng/mL during NHANES III and decreased to 24 (23-25) ng/mL during NHANES 2001-2004. Accordingly, the prevalence of 25(OH)D levels of less than 10 ng/mL increased from 2% (95% CI, 2%-2%) to 6% (5%-8%), and 25(OH)D levels of 30 ng/mL or more decreased from 45% (43%-47%) to 23% (20%-26%). The prevalence of 25(OH)D levels of less than 10 ng/mL in non-Hispanic blacks rose from 9% during NHANES III to 29% during NHANES 2001-2004, with a corresponding decrease in the prevalence of levels of 30 ng/mL or more from 12% to 3%. Differences by age strata (mean serum 25[OH]D levels ranging from 28-32 ng/mL) and sex (28 ng/mL for women and 32 ng/mL for men) during NHANES III equalized during NHANES 2001-2004 (24 vs 24 ng/mL for age and 24 vs 24 ng/mL for sex). CONCLUSIONS: National data demonstrate a marked decrease in serum 25(OH)D levels from the 1988-1994 to the 2001-2004 NHANES data collections. Racial/ethnic differences have persisted and may have important implications for known health disparities. Current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation are inadequate to address the growing epidemic of vitamin D insufficiency.

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  • National data in the US show racial and ethnic disparities in prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, affecting Hispanics and particularly Black individuals; prior reviews suggest sunscreen use is not associated with a significant decrease in serum vitamin D levels, but most studies to date have been conducted in light-skinned participants.

    “National data in the US have shown racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, affecting Hispanics and particularly Black individuals [132, 133].”

    From Photoprotection for skin of color (2022) · cites this paper as [132]

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  1. [18]Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride 1999 250 287 National Academy Press Washington, DC

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Authors
Ginde, A. A., Liu, M. C., & Camargo, C. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2009-03-23
Volume
169
Issue
6
Pages
626
ISSN
0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archinternmed.2008.604
PMC
PMC3447083
OpenAlex
W1985420924
Cited by
1,120
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 126 · 2012: 127
FWCI
90.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL84401, R01HL084401)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI063184, R01 AI63184)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
Keywords
vitamin D insufficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, serum vitamin D levels, prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, temporal trends, racial disparities, non-Hispanic blacks, age differences, sex differences, NHANES III, United States population, vitamin D supplementation, dietary intake, sun exposure
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Black or African American, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Sex Factors, Time Factors, United States, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Mexican Americans, White People, Young Adult

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