Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: There is conflicting evidence about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression, and a systematic assessment of the literature has not been available. Aims: To determine the relationship, if any, between vitamin D deficiency and depression. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomised controlled trials was conducted. Results: One case-control study, ten cross-sectional studies and three cohort studies with a total of 31 424 participants were analysed. Lower vitamin D levels were found in people with depression compared with controls (SMD = 0.60,95% Cl 0.23–0.97) and there was an increased odds ratio of depression for the lowest v. highest vitamin D categories in the cross-sectional studies (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.0–1.71). The cohort studies showed a significantly increased hazard ratio of depression for the lowest v. highest vitamin D categories (HR=2.21, 95% CI 1.40–3.49). Conclusions: Our analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that low vitamin D concentration is associated with depression, and highlight the need for randomised controlled trials of vitamin D for the prevention and treatment of depression to determine whether this association is causal.
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- Authors
- Anglin, R. E. S., Samaan, Z., Walter, S. D., & McDonald, S. D.
- Affiliations
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Anglin, Rebecca E. S.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 202
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100-107
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2149248302
- Semantic Scholar
- 0b7dcf52b76b45c28d20735bbbac1479979a00b8
- Cited by
- 820
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 16
- FWCI
- 7.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Hamilton Health Sciences
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- McMaster University
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, depression, vitamin D levels, adults, risk factors for depression, vitamin D supplementation, causal relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Vitamin D Deficiency, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Epidemiologic Studies
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