Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies

van der Zweerde, Tanja; Bisdounis, Lampros; Kyle, Simon D.; Lancee, Jaap; van Straten, Annemieke

doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.08.002

Cited by 336Sleep and related disordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies

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van der Zweerde, Tanja, Bisdounis, Lampros, Kyle, Simon D., Lancee, Jaap, van Straten, Annemieke·2019·Sleep Medicine Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.08.002

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Abstract

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a treatment with moderate to large effects. These effects are believed to be sustained long-term, but no systematic meta-analyses of recent evidence exist. In this present meta-analysis, we investigate long-term effects in 30 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CBT-I to non-active control groups. The primary analyses (n = 29 after excluding one study which was an outlier) showed that CBT-I is effective at 3-, 6- and 12-mo compared to non-active controls: Hedges g for Insomnia severity index: 0.64 (3 m), 0.40 (6 m) and 0.25 (12 m); sleep onset latency: 0.38 (3 m), 0.29 (6 m) and 0.40 (12 m); sleep efficiency: 0.51 (3 m), 0.32 (6 m) and 0.35 (12 m). We demonstrate that although effects decline over time, CBT-I produces clinically significant effects that last up to a year after therapy.

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Studies with longer follow-ups generally found smaller effects (although still statistically significant), most likely due to the diminishing effects of interventions on sleep quality over time.
“Those that did report longer follow-ups generally found smaller effects (although still statistically significant), most likely due to the diminishing effects of interventions on sleep quality over time [91].”
From Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [91]

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“…on the efficacy of CBT-I in insomnia/ insomnia disorder, without comorbidities, show large effects on the severity of insomnia symptoms (see summary by Edinger et al., 2021), whereby follow-up measurements up to a year later show small to medium effects (van der Zweerde, Bisdounis, et al., 2019).”
Background
Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Posner, D. A., Riemann, D. W., Bastien, C., Teel, J., & Thase, M. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00879-0 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
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“Also the gradual wearing off of initial benefits of CBT-I deserves attention (van der Zweerde et al., 2019).”
Background
Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in breast cancer: A meta-analysis
Ma, Y., Hall, D. L., Ngo, L. H., Liu, Q., Bain, P. A., & Yeh, G. Y. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101376 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“As in other studied populations, CBT-I in patients with breast cancer produced moderate to large treatment effects, and clinically significant effects last up to a year after therapy [55].”
Result
Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions for Suicide Prevention: Promise, Challenges, and Future Directions
Coppersmith, D. D. L., Dempsey, W., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., Murphy, S. A., & Nock, M. K. (2022) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2022.2092828 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…et al., 2019) or the Unified Protocol (Barlow et al., 2017) to target emotion dysregulation, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I; Van der Zweerde et al., 2019) to target sleep, and caring contacts, a text message-based intervention, to target social support (Comtois et al.,…”
Background
Network analysis of depression, anxiety, insomnia and quality of life among Macau residents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Bai, W., Zhao, Y.-J., Cai, H. X., Sha, S., Zhang, Q., Lei, S., Lok, K.-I., Chow, I. H. I., Cheung, T. C. C., Su, Z., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.061 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments for insomnia in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
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The clinical effects of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Maurer, L., Schneider, J., Miller, C. B., Espie, C. A., & Kyle, S. D. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101493 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Sleep Quality and Its Associations with Physical and Mental Health-Related Quality of Life among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Carpi, M., Cianfarani, C., & Vestri, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052874 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
We know CBT-I works, now what?
Muench, A., Vargas, I., Grandner, M. A., Ellis, J. G., Posner, D. A., Bastien, C., Drummond, S. P. A., & Perlis, M. L. (2022) · Faculty Reviews · doi:10.12703/r/11-4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Does cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia reduce repetitive negative thinking and sleep-related worry beliefs? A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Sleep interventions and glucose metabolism: systematic review and meta-analysis
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Clinical and cost-effectiveness of nurse-delivered sleep restriction therapy for insomnia in primary care (HABIT): a pragmatic, superiority, open-label, randomised controlled trial
Kyle, S. D., Siriwardena, A. N., Espie, C. A., Yang, Y., Petrou, S., Ogburn, E., Begum, N., Maurer, L., Robinson, B., Gardner, C., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00683-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sleep Problems in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Prevalence, Treatment, and New Perspectives: A Narrative Review
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Sleep disturbances and the speed of multimorbidity development in old age: results from a longitudinal population-based study
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“Evidence from randomized controlled trials offers support for cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as an effective and comprehensive nonpharmacological approach [61, 62, 68].”
Background
The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on insomnia and sleep quality: A systematic review
Salari, N., Khazaie, H., Hosseinian-Far, A., Khaledi-Paveh, B., Ghasemi, H., Mohammadi, M., & Shohaimi, S. (2020) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01883-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Insomnia in Older Adults
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Waking Up to the Importance of Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Narrative Review.
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The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in people with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Sweetman, A., Farrell, S., Wallace, D. M., & Crawford, M. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13847 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“CBTi improves symptoms of insomnia, daytime function, and mental health (Gebara et al., 2018), with improvements sustained long after treat-ment cessation (Blom et al., 2017; van der Zweerde et al., 2019).”
Background
Brain stimulation techniques as novel treatment options for insomnia: A systematic review
Krone, L. B., Fehér, K. D., Rivero, T. M., & Omlin, X. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13927 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) represents the first-line treatment option and has proven effective in various patient populations (Hertenstein et al., 2022; van der Zweerde et al., 2019), even when delivered digitally (Luik et al., 2017).”
Background
Insomnia disorder and its reciprocal relation with psychopathology
Lancel, M., Boersma, G. J., & Kamphuis, J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bhagavan, C., Kung, S. M., Doppen, M., John, M., Vakalalabure, I., Oldfield, K., Braithwaite, I. E., & Newton‐Howes, G. (2020) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00773-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The case for investigating a bidirectional association between insomnia symptoms and eating disorder pathology
Christensen, K. A., & Short, N. A. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23498 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“For example, CBT for Insomnia (CBT-I) demonstrates strong evidence for reducing insomnia symptoms and maintaining treatment gains (van der Zweerde et al., 2019; van Straten et al., 2018).”
Background
Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on subjective and objective measures of sleep and cognition
Perrault, A. A., Pomares, F. B., Smith, D., Cross, N. E., Gong, K., Maltezos, A., McCarthy, M., Madigan, E., Tarelli, L., McGrath, J. J., et al. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.010 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Why Treat Insomnia?
Perlis, M. L., Pigeon, W. R., Grandner, M. A., Bishop, T. M., Riemann, D. W., Ellis, J. G., Teel, J., & Posner, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211014084 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Efficacy of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ye, M., Shou, M., Zhang, J., Hu, B., Liu, C., Bi, C., Lv, T., Luo, F., Zhang, Z., Liang, S., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721005407 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia for older adults with sleep difficulties: a randomized clinical trial
Perini, F., Wong, K. F., Lin, J., Hassirim, Z., Ong, J. L., Lo, J. C.-Y., Ong, J. C., Doshi, K., & Lim, J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002476 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Niosomes for nose-to-brain delivery: A non-invasive versatile carrier system for drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases
Jayoush, A. R. A., Hassan, H. A. F. M., Asiri, H., Jafar, M., Saeed, R., Harati, R., & Haider, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105007 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Psychological Treatment of Comorbid Insomnia and Depression: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Blom, K., Forsell, E., Hellberg, M., Svanborg, C., Jernelöv, S., & Kaldo, V. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000536063 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Very long-term outcome of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: one- and ten-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial
Jernelöv, S., Blom, K., Isacsson, N. H., Bjurner, P., Rosén, A., Kraepelien, M., Forsell, E., & Kaldo, V. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.2009019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This is contrary to the findings of a recent meta-analysis on long-term effects of CBT-i with follow-up times up to one year, which suggests that effects of CBT-i abate over time (Van der Zweerde et al., 2019).”
Result
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies, and their combination for the treatment of adult insomnia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Zhang, Y., Ren, R., Yang, L., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., Shi, J., Sanford, L. D., Lü, L., Vitiello, M. V., & Tang, X. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101687 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Changes in sleep following internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in women treated for breast cancer: a 3-year follow-up assessment
Amidi, A., Buskbjerg, C. R., Damholdt, M. F., Dahlgaard, J., Thorndike, F. P., Ritterband, L., & Zachariae, R. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.04.020 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Disseminating cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) for insomnia at scale: capitalising on the potential of digital CBT to deliver clinical guideline care
Espie, C. A., & Henry, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14025 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The clinical effects of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in a heterogenous study sample: results from a randomized controlled trial
Schuffelen, J., Maurer, L., Lorenz, N., Rötger, A., Pietrowsky, R., & Gieselmann, A. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad184 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“These findings largely support our hypotheses and are in accordance with previous studies that investigated the effects of dCBT-I on clinical and sleep-related outcomes [7–9].”
BackgroundResult
Gender Differences in Adolescent Sleep Disturbance and Treatment Response to Smartphone App–Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: Exploratory Study
Li, S. H., Graham, B. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/22498 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the gold-standard psychological treatment for insomnia and is effective for adults [19-22] and adolescents [23].”
BackgroundMethod
Network Intervention Analyses of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy for insomnia: Symptom specific effects and process measures
Lancee, J., Harvey, A. G., Morin, C. M., Ivers, H., van der Zweerde, T., & Blanken, T. F. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104100 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Network meta-analysis examining efficacy of components of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia
Steinmetz, L., Simon, L., Feige, B., Riemann, D. W., Johann, A. F., Ell, J., Ebert, D. D., Baumeister, H., Benz, F., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102507 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnea (COMISA): recent research and future directions
Sweetman, A., Osman, A. M., Lack, L. C., Crawford, M., & Wallace, D. M. (2023) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000001007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“CBT-i is the recommended first-line treatment for insomnia [44,45], and results in improvements in sleep and mental health that are sustained long after treatment cessation [46].”
Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Takano, Y., Ibata, R., Machida, N., Ubara, A., & Okajima, I. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101839 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sleep and sleep treatments in bipolar disorder
Kaplan, K. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Semi-Individualized Acupuncture for Insomnia Disorder and Oxidative Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial
Yeung, W., Yu, B. Y., Yuen, J. W. M., Ho, J. Y. S., Chung, K., Zhang, Z., Mak, D. S. Y., Suen, L. K. P., & Ho, L. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s318874 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Being kind to self is being kind to sleep? A structural equation modelling approach evaluating the direct and indirect associations of self-compassion with sleep quality, emotional distress and mental well-being
Rakhimov, A., Ong, J. C., Realo, A., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02661-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Immune-Mediated Diseases from the Point of View of Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology
Ortega, M. A., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Gomez-Lahoz, A. M., Lahera, G., Monserrat, J., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Quintero, J., & Álvarez‐Mon, M. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11070973 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This strategy includes relaxation, sleep restriction, stimulus control, and cognitive techniques [127].”
Method
Improving sleep after stroke: A randomised controlled trial of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia
Fleming, M., Smejka, T., Macey, E., Luengo-Fernandez, R., Henry, A., Robinson, B., Kyle, S., Espie, C., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1111/jsr.13971 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“There is growing evidence that improvements conferred by CBT are sustained for at least 6 – 12 months (Luik et al., 2020; van der Zweerde et al., 2019).”
Background
Effectiveness of app-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on preventing major depressive disorder in youth with insomnia and subclinical depression: A randomized clinical trial
Chen, S., Que, J., Chan, N. Y., Shi, L., Li, S. X., Chan, J. W. Y., Huang, W., Chen, X., Tsang, C. C., Ho, Y. L., et al. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004510 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Practice recommendations for the role of physiotherapy in the management of sleep disorders: the 2022 Brazilian Sleep Association Guidelines
Frange, C., Franco, A. M., Brasil, E. L., Hirata, R. P., Lino, J. A., Mortari, D. M., Ykeda, D. S., Leocádio-Miguel, M. A., D’Aurea, C. V. R., Silva, L. O. E., et al. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220083 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Relationship between depression and burnout among nurses in Intensive Care units at the late stage of COVID-19: a network analysis
Zhang, Y., Wu, C., Ma, J., Liu, F., Shen, C., Sun, J., Ma, Z., Hu, W., & Lang, H. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-01867-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Related psychological interventions can improve the fatigue effectively, such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) [82], which is viewed as the first line of intervention thanks to its availabilities and effectiveness [83].”
Background
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Luik, A. I., & van Straten, A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Insomnia symptoms mediate the association between eveningness and suicidal ideation, defeat, entrapment, and psychological distress in students
Bradford, D. R. R., Biello, S. M., & Russell, K. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1931274 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The abundance of research into the treatment of insomnia and delayed sleep-wake phase disorder has produced a number of behavior-modifying approaches including clinically effective cognitive-behavioral therapies for insomnia (CBTI) interventions (Trauer et al. 2015; van der Zweerde et al. 2019).”
Background
Effects of sleep hygiene education for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ruan, J. Y., Liu, Q., Chung, K. F., Ho, K. Y., & Yeung, W. F. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102109 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Initial treatment choices for long‐term remission of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Furukawa, Y., Sakata, M., Furukawa, T. A., Efthimiou, O., & Perlis, M. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13730 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effectiveness of sleep interventions for rotating night shift workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jeon, B. M., Kim, S. H., & Shin, S. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1187382 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“These findings reveal that cognitive behavioral therapies are as effective as pharmacological therapy and are the preferred intervention for insomnia (64).”
BackgroundResult
The role of rumination in the relationship between symptoms of insomnia and depression in adolescents
Li, S. H., Corkish, B., Richardson, C. E., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13932 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“However, while the gold-standard psychological treatment for insomnia, CBT-I (van der Zweerde et al., 2019) effectively reduces unhelpful beliefs about sleep, it has little effect on rumination in adults (Ballesio et al., 2021), suggesting that CBT-I does not effectively target this important…”
Background
Comorbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea: From Research to Clinical Practice
Cruz, M. G. M. E., & Sweetman, A. (2025) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2591-5664 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“62 CBTi has traditionally been delivered by psychologists and therapists specializing in insomnia management; however, it has also been translated to brief primary care interventions, 63 tele-health interventions, 64 group delivery, 65 and self-guided booklets 66 and interactive digital programs.”
Circadian rhythm in systemic autoimmune conditions: Potential of chrono-immunology in clinical practice: A narrative review
Awuah, W. A., Huang, H. Y. R., Kalmanovich, J. B., Mehta, A., Mikhailova, T., Ng, J. C., Abdul‐Rahman, T., Adebusoye, F. T., Tan, J. K., Kamanousa, K., et al. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034614 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on sleep and glycemic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Groeneveld, L., Beulens, J. W. J., Blom, M. T., van Straten, A., van der Zweerde, T., Elders, P. J. M., & Rutters, F. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.05.029 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effect of smartphone-based cognitive behavioral therapy app on insomnia: a randomized, double-blind study
Watanabe, Y., Kuroki, T., Ichikawa, D., Ozone, M., Uchimura, N., & Ueno, T. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac270 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
2023 Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia in Adults - Brazilian Sleep Association
Drager, L. F., Assis, M., Bacelar, A. F. R., Poyares, D. L. R., Conway, S. G., Pires, G. N., de Azevedo, A. P., Carissimi, A., Eckeli, A. L., Pentagna, Á., et al. (2023) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1776281 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“It can include a communication channel with a specialist professional (email or chat inserted in the application/system).”
Background
A systematic review of the effect of sleep interventions on presenteeism
Takano, Y., Iwano, S., Aoki, S., Nakano, N., & Sakano, Y. (2021) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-021-00224-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) on Cardiometabolic Health Biomarkers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Savin, K. L., Clark, T. L., Perez-Ramirez, P., Allen, T. S., Parra, M. T., & Gallo, L. C. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2154213 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“( Van der Zweerde et al., 2019) Reviews have also demonstrated more sustained improvements in sleep in those who received CBT-I versus pharmacologic intervention.”
BackgroundInfluential
Long-term effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in the management of fatigue in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, controlled trial versus standard care
Gay, M. C., Cassedanne, F., Barbot, F., Vaugier, I., Thomas, S., Manchon, E., Bensmail, D., Blanchere, M., & Heinzlef, O. (2024) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-331537 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effects of chronic diseases on health related quality of life is mediated by sleep difficulty in middle aged and older adults
Wu, Y., Chen, Z., Cheng, Z., Yu, Z., Qin, K., Jiang, C., & Xu, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86420-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The effect of group-based cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial
Latocha, K. M., Løppenthin, K. B., Østergaard, M., Jennum, P., Hetland, M. L., Røgind, H., Lundbak, T., Midtgaard, J., Christensen, R., & Esbensen, B. A. (2022) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac448 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Application and Mechanisms of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT) in Improving Psychological State in Cancer Patients
Bai, P. (2023) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.82632 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Insomnia is common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is associated with mental health conditions as well as IBD activity
Barnes, A., Andrews, J. M., Mukherjee, S., Bryant, R. V., Bampton, P. A., Fraser, R. J., & Mountifield, R. E. (2023) · Intestinal Research · doi:10.5217/ir.2023.00028 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“57,58 There has been a pilot trial of CBTi in an IBD population where it was found to be feasible and acceptable.”
Background
Efficacy of Face-to-Face Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Improving Health Status of Patients With Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis
Xu, D., Cardell, E., Broadley, S., & Sun, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.798453 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Existing meta-analysis studies also found that CBT had a significant overall effect on sleep outcomes in patients with insomnia (12, 13), but these studies focused on sleep outcomes only, and subgroup analysis of CBT components was not included.”
Sleep Quality and Insomnia Severity among Italian University Students: A Latent Profile Analysis
Carpi, M., Marques, D. R., Milanese, A., & Vestri, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11144069 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effectiveness of the behavioural components of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in older adults: A systematic review
McLaren, D. M., Evans, J., Baylan, S., Smith, S., & Gardani, M. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13843 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Despite being prescribed less frequently than hypnotic medications, CBT-I demonstrates efficacy comparable to or exceeding that of pharmacological interventions on insomnia symptoms (Riemann & Perlis, 2009), lasting up to a year post-treatment (van Der Zweerde et al., 2019), and recent evidence suggests it may also pr…”
Background
Prenatal sleep health and risk of offspring ADHD symptomatology and associated phenotypes: a prospective analysis of timing and sex differences in the ECHO cohort
Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Hwei, T., Lee, S., Lucchini, M., Aizza, A. S., Kahn, L. G., Buß, C., O’Connor, T. G., Ghassabian, A., Padula, A. M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100609 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“31 Research on these interventions ’ effectiveness in pregnant populations has lagged, yet preliminary evidence supports their usefulness.”
Background
Prevalence and network structure of depression, insomnia and suicidality among mental health professionals who recovered from COVID-19: a national survey in China
Sun, H., Chen, P., Bai, W., Zhang, L., Feng, Y., Su, Z., Cheung, T. C. C., Ungvari, G. S., Cui, X., Ng, C. H., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02918-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Enhancing behavioral sleep care with digital technology: study protocol for a hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness randomized trial
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“Importantly, improvements in insomnia are maintained over time [35].”
Background
Effect of a physical activity and sleep m-health intervention on a composite activity-sleep behaviour score and mental health: a mediation analysis of two randomised controlled trials
Duncan, M. J., Rayward, A. T., Holliday, E. G., Brown, W. J., Vandelanotte, C., Murawski, B., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01112-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, targeting improvements in insomnia symptoms) [19, 20]”
Effectivity of (Personalized) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Mental Health Populations and the Elderly: An Overview
Mijnster, T., Boersma, G. J., Meijer, E., & Lancel, M. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12071070 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Van der Zweerde et al., 2019 [17] 104 The Netherlands 46.0 ± 12.3 82% At least subclinical depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 > 4) and insomnia disorder (DSM-5) ICBT-I ‘i-Sleep’ Diary monitoringonly Subjective: ISI; sleep diary (SOL, TST, SE, WASO) 3-mo 6-mo Compared with the control condition, i-Sleep…”
BackgroundInfluential
Patterns of polysomnography parameters in 27 neuropsychiatric diseases: an umbrella review
Zhang, Y., Ren, R., Yang, L.-H., Zhang, H.-P., Shi, Y., Vitiello, M., Sanford, L., & Tang, X. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001581 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia effective for improving sleep duration in individuals with insomnia? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Chan, W. S., McCrae, C. S., & Ng, A. S.-Y. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac061 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A meta-analysis study evaluating the effects of sleep quality on mental health among the adult population
Li, Z., Zhong, T., & Meng, X. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23709-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Extended follow-up studies usually revealed reduced effects (though statistically significant); this is most likely owing to the drugs’ fading impact on sleep quality over time [87].”
Using Alcohol and Cannabis as Sleep Aids: Associations with Descriptive Norms Among College Students
Graupensperger, S. A., Hultgren, B. A., Fairlie, A. M., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2040505 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…long-term risks of using substances as sleep aids, and/or integrated with existing interventions for sleep disorders and substance use (e.g., CognitiveBehavioral Therapy for Insomnia, Van der Zweerde et al., 2019; Personalized Feedback for Alcohol and Marijuana Prevention; Carey et al., 2020).”
Background
Acceptance and commitment therapy for insomnia and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ruan, J., Chen, S., Liang, J., Mak, Y. W., Yee Ho, F. Y., Chung, K. F., Kwun Tong, A. K., Zhang, X. L., & Yeung, W. F. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.09.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Lin, W., Li, N., Yang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16137 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Thus, dCBT-I appears to be a viable alternative to the traditional CBT-I treatment for insomnia and depression ( Van der Zweerde et al., 2019 ; Zhang et al., 2019a ; Oar, Johnco & Ollendick, 2017 ). dCBT-I, as an internet-based approach, allows individuals to communicate with their therapists at…”
Treatment of chronic primary sleep onset insomnia with Kundalini yoga: a randomized controlled trial with active sleep hygiene comparison
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“Atendofinterven-tion as well as 6-month follow-up, within-group effect sizes for SH are on par with average CBT-I outcomes 42,43 for SOL and ISI,withyogademonstratinglargereffects.”
Follow-Up Analyses From a Wait-List Controlled Trial of Occupational Therapist–Delivered Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Among Veterans With Chronic Insomnia
Eakman, A. M., Schmid, A. A., Rolle, N. R., Kinney, A. R., & Henry, K. L. (2022) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2022.045682 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Notably, the mental health gains achieved at the end of REST were maintained at 3-mo follow-up, indicating the impact and durability of the intervention (van der Zweerde et al., 2019).”
The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis
Tang, R., Yang, J., Yu, Y., & Fang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.796594 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“CBT has been successful in the treatment of various illnesses including obesity, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, insomnia, and other chronic disorders (Grilo et al., 2011; Reavell et al., 2018; Zweerde et al., 2019).”
Background
Bedtime repetitive negative thinking moderates the relationship between psychological stress and insomnia
Benham, G. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3055 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Randomised Controlled Trial of a Behavioural Sleep Intervention, ‘Sleeping Sound’, for Autistic Children: 12-Month Outcomes and Moderators of Treatment
Pattison, E., Papadopoulos, N., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Sciberras, E., Hiscock, H., Williams, K. J., McGillivray, J., Mihalopoulos, C., Bellows, S., Marks, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05809-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis of 29 RCTs examined the longterm effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in adults compared to non-active control groups (van der Zweerde et al., 2019).”
Method
Association between Shift Work and Neurocognitive Function among Firefighters in South Korea: A Prospective before–after Study
Kwak, K., Kim, B.-K., Jang, T. W., Sim, C. S., Ahn, Y., Choi, K., & Jeong, K. S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134647 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Impact of cognitive behavior therapy on osteoarthritis-associated pain, insomnia, depression, fatigue, and physical function in patients with knee/hip osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Lin, H.-M., Hsieh, P.-S., Chen, N.-C., Tsai, C.-H., Kuo, W.-F., Lee, Y., & Hung, K.-C. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1083095 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia Disorder
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How sleep can help maximize human potential: The role of leaders
Teyhen, D. S., Capaldi, V. F., Drummond, S. P. A., Rhon, D. I., Barrett, A. S., Silvernail, J. L., & Boland, D. M. (2021) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Exercise, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Pharmacotherapy on Improving Sleep in Adults with Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Yu, D. J., Recchia, F., Bernal, J. D. K., Yu, A. P., Fong, D., Li, S. X., Chan, N. Y., Hu, X., & Parco Ming-fai, S. I. U. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11152207 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Developing a culturally tailored digital health intervention for insomnia in Black women
Zhou, E. S., Revette, A. C., Ritterband, L. M., Bethea, T. N., Delp, L., Simmons, P. D., & Rosenberg, L. A. (2023) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibad056 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on sleep in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review with network meta-analysis
Chang, J. R., Cheung, Y. K., Sharma, S., Li, S. X., Tao, R. R., Lee, J. L. C., Sun, E. R., Pinto, S. M., Zhou, Z., Fong, H. H. K., et al. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101867 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sleep disturbance and menopause
Carmona, N. E., Solomon, N., & Adams, K. E. (2025) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000001012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Studies are ongoing to assess its use in populations with sleep disturbance [98 ■ ]. objective insomnia symptoms, and more durable effects than pharmacological interventions [99–101], CBT-I is recommended as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia [102–105].”
Mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia alleviates insomnia, depression, and cognitive arousal in treatment-resistant insomnia: A single-arm telemedicine trial
Kalmbach, D. A., Cheng, P., Ong, J. C., Reffi, A. N., Fresco, D. M., Fellman-Couture, C., Ruprich, M. K., Sultan, Z., Sagong, C., & Drake, C. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1072752 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Challenging beliefs for quality sleep: A systematic review of maladaptive sleep beliefs and treatment outcomes following cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Nielson, S. A., Perez, E., Soto, P. F., Boyle, J. T., & Dzierzewski, J. M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101856 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Discrepancy between desired time in bed and desired total sleep time in patients with cancer: The DBST index and its relationship with insomnia severity and sleep onset latency
Cho, E., Song, J., Lee, J., Cho, I., Lee, D., Choi, H., Kim, H., & Chung, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.978001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that CBT-I is effective in reducing sleep disturbance (4, 5) and the number of dysfunctional beliefs associated with sleep (6).”
BackgroundMethod
Treatment feasibility of a digital tool for brief self‐help behavioural therapy for insomnia ( FastAsleep )
Jernelöv, S., Forsell, E., Westman, H., Dufva, Y. E., Lindefors, N., Kaldo, V., & Kraepelien, M. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13759 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Although treatment gains are generally maintained after the end of CBT-I both in the short and long term (Jernelöv et al., 2022; van der Zweerde et al., 2019), some earlier studies have found continued improvement after the end of treatment in the short term (Jernelöv et al., 2012), whereas others…”
Background
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Circadian Rhythm Interventions for Insomnia Alter Emotional Brain Responses
Leerssen, J., Aghajani, M., Bresser, T., Rösler, L., Winkler, A. M., Foster‐Dingley, J. C., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.03.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review
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Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Luik, A. I., & van Straten, A. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.04.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Long-term effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis
van der Zweerde, T., Bisdounis, L., Kyle, S. D., Lancee, J., & van Straten, A. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews
Is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia effective for improving sleep duration in individuals with insomnia? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Chan, W. S., McCrae, C. S., & Ng, A. S.-Y. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac061 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Long-term efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
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Long-term clinical effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a case series study
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Cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia: effective, long-lasting and safe
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Authors: van der Zweerde, T., Bisdounis, L., Kyle, S. D., Lancee, J., & van Straten, A.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
University of Oxford (GB)
PsyQ (NL)
ORCID: Bisdounis, Lampros
Kyle, Simon D.
Lancee, Jaap
van Straten, Annemieke
Venue: Sleep Medicine Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-12
Volume: 48
Pages: 101208
ISSN: 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.08.002
OpenAlex: W2967986432
Cited by: 336
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 4.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institute for Health Research
Manchester Biomedical Research Centre
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, insomnia, long-term treatment outcomes, treatment durability, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, Insomnia Severity Index
MeSH terms: Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies

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